A & P Ch 8

Front 1

Skeletal system

Back 1

consists of bones, joints, and cartilage and the ligaments associated with the joints

Front 2

Adult skeleton

Back 2

consists of 206 separate bones, forming the framework of the entire body; it is divided into either the axial or appendicular skeleton

Front 3

axial skeleton

Back 3

-includes all bones that lie on or near the central axis of the body and it supports and protects the head and trunk

-consists of 80 bones and includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

Front 4

appendicular skeleton

Back 4

-it is the second division of the skeleton, which consists of all bones of the upper and lower limbs, as well as the shoulder and pelvic girdles

-126 separate bones

Front 5

6 functions of the skeletal system

Back 5

1. attachment for muscles

2. enables body to move about with the assistance of muscles

3. supports the weight of the body

4. supports and protects the soft body organs

5. stores minerals (calcium)

6. red bone marrow produces blood cells

Front 6

oseteocytes

Back 6

secrete and intercellular substance containing calcium and other minerals

Front 7

types of bones

Back 7

compact & spongy

Front 8

compact bone

Back 8

composed of hard or dense bone tissue found in the shafts of the long bone. protects and supports the entire bone

Front 9

osteon or haversian system

Back 9

consists of mature osteocytes arranged in concentric circles around large blood vessels

Front 10

spongy (cancellous) bone

Back 10

highly porous (absorbent) bone inside the shell of compact bone. appears sponge, honeycomb, or latticework. contains trabeculae

Front 11

tribeculae spaces

Back 11

1. decrease the weight of the bone

2. contain red ( blood cell) and yellow ( fat cells) bone marrow

Front 12

classification of bones

Back 12

flat, long, irregular, short, & sesamoid

Front 13

flat bones

Back 13

consist of two table plates or compact bone with cancellous bone. thin, flat and curved.

ex: sternum, skull cap, ribs, scapulae

Front 14

long bones

Back 14

found only in the appendicular skeleton. consists of a body and two enlarged, rounded ends or extremities. covered with hyaline cartilage

ex: femur, humerus, phalanges of the fingers, and toes

Front 15

parts of a long bone

Back 15

diaphysis, epiphysis, epiphyseal disc, medullary cavity, bone marrow, endosteum, periosteum, articular cartilage

Front 16

diaphysis

Back 16

long cylindric shaft of the bone; composed primarily of thicker layer compact bone

Front 17

epiphysis

Back 17

enlarged ends of the long bone.

Front 18

epiphyseal disc

Back 18

a band of cartilage located at the ends of long bones between the epiphysis and diaphysis

- longitudinal bone growth occurs here

Front 19

medullary cavity

Back 19

the hollow center of the diaphysis

Front 20

bone marrow

Back 20

the tissue occupying the medullary cavities of long bones and the spaces in the spongy bone

Front 21

marrow puncture

Back 21

done to obtain a sample of marrow usually from the sternum and ilium because they are close to the skin surface

Front 22

endosteum

Back 22

connective tissue or membrane that lines the medullary cavities of long bones

Front 23

periosteum

Back 23

tough fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the outside of the diaphysis, essential for bone growth

Front 24

articular cartilage

Back 24

found on the outer surface of the epiphysis, forms a smooth, shiny, surface that decreases friction within the joint

Front 25

irregular bones

Back 25

different and peculiar in shape, not classified as long, short, or flat

ex: hip bones, vertebrae, facial bones in skull

Front 26

short bones

Back 26

shaped like cubes, allow minimal flexibility, consisting mainly of cancellous tissue with a thin outer covering of compact bone

ex: wrists and ankles

Front 27

sesamoid bones

Back 27

small and oval, develop inside and beside tendons and protects the tendon from excessive wear

ex: patella

Front 28

ossification

Back 28

the development and formation of bones. occurs by two distinct processes ....

-Intramembranous = when the bone replaces membranes

-Endochondral = when bone replaces cartilage

Front 29

two distinct centers of development

Back 29

primary center of ossification

secondary center of ossification

Front 30

Primary Center of Ossification

Back 30

occurs in the mid body area before birth. Becomes the body during development only

Front 31

Secondary Center of Ossification

Back 31

form islands of bone within the cartilage then entirely replaces it, then fuses to form a single solid bone end or process. (epiphysis)

Front 32

epiphyseal fusion

Back 32

of the long bone occurs progressively from the age of puberty to full maturity which is about 21 years

Front 33

metaphysis

Back 33

between the diaphysis and epiphysis

Front 34

osteoclasts

Back 34

form the marrow cavity by reabsorbing bone matrix in the venter of the diaphysis

Front 35

nutrient foramen

Back 35

opening in the periosteum

Front 36

growing taller

Back 36

longitudinal bone growth occurs at the epiphyseal disc

Front 37

osteoporosis

Back 37

when tissue is lost the bones weaken and break. common sites of fracture due to osteoporosis are the hip, wrist, and vertebrae

Front 38

osteoblasts

Back 38

bone forming cells

Front 39

osteoclasts

Back 39

bone destroying cells

Front 40

bone remodeling

Back 40

combined actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Front 41

condyle

Back 41

a large rounded knob that usually articulates with another bone at the articular extremity

ex: of femur and tibia

Front 42

coracoid or coronoid

Back 42

a beaklike process

ex: of shoulder and ulna

Front 43

cornu

Back 43

hornlike process

ex: of sacrum or coccyx

Front 44

crest

Back 44

a ridge on a bone

ex: of ilium

Front 45

epicondyle

Back 45

an enlargement near or above a condyle

ex: of femur

Front 46

facet

Back 46

a small flattened smooth surface process for articulation

ex: articular surface of vertebrae and ribs

Front 47

hamulus

Back 47

a hook shaped process

ex: of hamate

Front 48

head

Back 48

an enlarged or expanded and rounded end of bone

ex: radius, humerus

Front 49

line

Back 49

a less prominent ridge than a crest; a linear elevation

ex: intertrochanteric line

Front 50

malleolus

Back 50

club-shaped process

ex: lateral of fibula and medial of tibia

Front 51

process

Back 51

a prominent projection on a bone

ex: mastoid of temporal bone

Front 52

protuberance

Back 52

projecting part or prominence

ex: of mandible

Front 53

spine

Back 53

a sharp projection

ex: ischial spine

Front 54

styloid

Back 54

long, pointed process

ex: styloid process of temporal or radius and ulna

Front 55

tubercle

Back 55

a small rounded knob like projection elevated process

ex: greater and lesser of humerus

Front 56

tuberosity

Back 56

a large rounded elevated process

ex: of radius and ulna

Front 57

trochanter

Back 57

a large rounded elevated tubercle found only on the femur

ex: greater and lesser

Front 58

fissure

Back 58

a cleft or deep groove

ex: superior orbital fissures

Front 59

foramen

Back 59

is an opening through a bone; usually serves as a passageway for nerves, blood, vessels, and ligaments

ex: obturator foramen

Front 60

fossa

Back 60

is a depression or groove space

ex: olecranon fossa

Front 61

fovea

Back 61

is a small pit or depression

ex: fovea capitis femoris

Front 62

meatus

Back 62

a tunnel or tube like passageway running within a bone

ex: external auditory meatus

Front 63

groove

Back 63

a shallow linear channel

ex: bicipital groove

Front 64

notch

Back 64

an indentation into the border of a bone

ex: ulnar notch

Front 65

fistula

Back 65

suppurating channel in soft tissues

Front 66

sinus

Back 66

a cress, groove, cavity, or hollow space used to designate a channel for venous blood on inner surface of cranium

Front 67

sulcus

Back 67

a furrow, trench, or fissure like depression

ex: calcaneous sulcus

Front 68

joint functions

Back 68

hold the bones together

provide flexibility to a rigid skeleton

Front 69

arthrology

Back 69

study of joints or articulations between bones

Front 70

rheumatology

Back 70

study of joint diseases

Front 71

classifications of joints

Back 71

functional and structural

Front 72

functional

Back 72

classified according to their function in relation to their mobility

Front 73

synarthrosis

Back 73

immovable

Front 74

amphiarthroses

Back 74

limited movement

Front 75

diarthrosis

Back 75

moveable

Front 76

structural

Back 76

classification based on the three types of tissue that separate the ends of the bones in the different joints

Front 77

fibrous joints

Back 77

lack a joint cavity

-syndesmoses

-suture

-gomphosis

Front 78

syndesmoses

Back 78

slightly movable

Front 79

suture

Back 79

immovable

Front 80

gomphosis

Back 80

limited movement

Front 81

cartilaginous joints

Back 81

lack a joint cavity and the articulating bones are held together tightly by cartilage. Allows little to no movement

Front 82

synovial joints

Back 82

freely moveable joints found in the upper and lower limbs

Front 83

articular cartilage

Back 83

protective covering over the ends of bone and provides a smooth surface within the joint

Front 84

joint capsule

Back 84

fibrous connective tissue, encloses the joint in a strong sleeve like structure

Front 85

synovial membrane

Back 85

lining the joint capsule, secretes synovial fluid into the joint cavity

Front 86

synovial fluid

Back 86

lubricates the bones in the joint, thereby decreasing the friction within the joint

Front 87

bursae

Back 87

synovial joints contain bursae, small sacs of synovial fluid between the joint and the tendons that cross over the joints

Front 88

accessory ligaments

Back 88

provide strength by reinforcing the joint, limit the motion in undesirable directions

Front 89

plane/gliding

Back 89

sliding movement between articulating surface

ex: intermetacarpal, carpometacarpal, and intercarpal joints

Front 90

ginglymus/hinge

Back 90

permit flexion and extension movements only

ex: fingers, toes, elbow joints

Front 91

trochoid/pivot

Back 91

pivot like process that is surrounded by a ring of ligaments or a bony structure or both, allows for rotational movements

ex: C1 and C2

Front 92

ellipsoid/condylar

Back 92

allows for 4 primary types of movement.... flexion, extension, adduction, abduction. Circumduction also occurs

ex: metacarpophalangeal joints in the fingers and toes and wrist joints

Front 93

sellar/saddle

Back 93

two saddle like structures fit together. movement are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction.

ex: 1st carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

Front 94

spheroidal/ ball and socket

Back 94

allows for the greatest freedom of motion. movements consist of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumducion, medial and lateral rotation

ex: hip, shoulder

Front 95

bicondylar

Back 95

provide movement in a single direction, can permit limited rotation

ex: knee and TMJ

Front 96

Os

Back 96

a bone

Front 97

Ossicle

Back 97

a little bone

Front 98

Ossify

Back 98

to form bone

Front 99

ossification

Back 99

formation of bone

Front 100

calcification

Back 100

a deposit of calcium

Front 101

articulation

Back 101

a joint

Front 102

arthron

Back 102

a joint

Front 103

arthrosis

Back 103

a joint

Front 104

junctura

Back 104

a joint

Front 105

lacunae

Back 105

pit, space, groove, or cavity

Front 106

parts of organ

Back 106

head, neck, body, tail, lobe, lobule, segment, extremity

Front 107

openings

Back 107

aperture, foramen, hiatus, orifice, ostium, lumen, porus

Front 108

depressions

Back 108

fissure, fossa, hilum, sulcus, sinus

Front 109

others

Back 109

notch, meatus, ramus, septum

Front 110

determining bone age

Back 110

bilateral PA wrist and hand

Front 111

dwarfism

Back 111

epiphysis appears early

Front 112

crentinism

Back 112

epiphysis appears late

Front 113

congenital anomolies

Back 113

- a bone may not unite with the body of a bone but may remain as a separate entity throughout life

- may not unite with the body of the bone to which it belongs but to an adjacent bone

ex: vertebrae

Front 114

radiographs of developing bones

Back 114

cartilage is of low density, bones absorb x-rays so that their images are white or gray

Front 115

simple fracture

Back 115

a break in which the overlying skin remains intact

local tissue damage is minimal

Front 116

compound or open fracture

Back 116

a broken bone that has also pierced the skin

causes extensive tissue damage

Front 117

greenstick fracture

Back 117

an incomplete break in the bone

usually occurs in infants and children

Front 118

eitology

Back 118

direct external force, the fracture is at the site of impact

Front 119

prognosis/ external fixation

Back 119

external or closed reduction, treated by manipulation and application of a cast or splint

Front 120

complications

Back 120

soft tissue injury, injury to arteries and nerves

Front 121

internal or open reduction

Back 121

treated by indirect manipulation, insertion of rods, screws, plates, pins, and nails using surgery

Front 122

radiographic procedures

Back 122

X-rays of the wrists fingers hands feet ankles lower legs, etc

Front 123

comminuted fracture

Back 123

bone is broken or splintered into pieces

ex: gun shot wounds, auto accidents, crush injuries

Front 124

impacted fracture

Back 124

bone is broken, one end is wedged into the interior of the other

ex: shoulder

Front 125

oblique fracture

Back 125

runs 45 degrees to the long axis of a bone, caused by angulation or both angulation and compression forces

Front 126

spiral fracture

Back 126

encircles the shaft, is a longer oblique fracture, which is caused by torsional forces

ex: humerus, femur

Front 127

transverse fracture

Back 127

runs at right angles to the long axis of the bone caused by a direct blow or from pathology

Front 128

external or closed reduction

Back 128

fracture is treated by manipulation of the affected body part without surgical incision

Front 129

hard to penetrate

Back 129

callus, ischemic necrosis (initially), acromegaly, ostesclerotic

Front 130

easy to penetrate

Back 130

ischemic necrosis (later), atrophy, osteolytic lesions, multiple myeloma, osteoporosis