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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cellular functions
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Reproduction
Division Transport |
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Cellular reproduction
(Protein synthesis) |
Cells must be able to reproduce an exact copy of themselves in order for growth and repair to occur- making copies of it's DNA
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DNA
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The cells blueprint-contains the plans for reproducing a cell
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DNA
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Is very complex, each person has their own DNA pattern
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DNA
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molecule is made of 2 strands twisted into a double helix (spiral) shape
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RNA
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Substance needed to make copy of DNA except it is only a single strand
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RNA
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Takes the information outside the nucleus so the ribosome where the DNA is reproduced
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Chromosomes
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Structure that carry the info in the DNA molecule
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Chromosomes
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Become tightly coiled during cell division and reproduction
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Chomosomes
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Each body cell, with the exception of the sperm and egg, has 46 Chromosomes
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Sperm and egg
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Each have 23 chromosomes- when they unite- new cell formed get half of the genetic info from each parent
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Gene
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Specific segment of DNA that has the information for building one protein
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Gene
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Each gene directs the synthesis of one kind of protein with specific functions
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Gene specific functions
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Enzyme, hormone, structural component of a cell- hair texture, color,etc- determines heredity it is at this point that mutations can happen- changes the blueprint of the DNA
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Exocytosis phagocytosis
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Working in reverse to excrete waste
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Hypertonic
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Solutions with a higher salt concentration than in a cell water is pulled out ex; grape, raisin
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Filtration
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Separation of material through a semi permeable membrane along a pressure gradient
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Pressure gradient
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Substances move from an area of high pressure to low pressure ex, making coffee with a paper coffee filter
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Capillaries
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Smallest vessels in the body work by filtration
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Capillaries
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Hydrostatic pressure or fluid pressure
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Capillaries
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Walls of capillaries are like a leaky hose
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Capillaries
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Small particles (glucose, oxygen, water, Etc) pass thru the walls and large particle (blood cells) remain inside and pass along through the capillaries
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Active Transport
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Requires expenditure of energy by the cell use of a carrier molecule to move molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration
Low to high (swim up-stream) |
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Active transport methods
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Are called pumps (NA/K pump)
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Vesicular transport-fluids containing large particles and macromolecules
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Are transported across the cell membrane inside membranous sacs called vesicles
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Vesicular transport processes
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Are energized by ATP
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Phagocytosis
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Active intake by a cell, cell engulfs matter
Cell eats foreign material Cell surrounds invader, fuses together |
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Lysosomes
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Can run backwards to get rid of waste
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Pinocytosis
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Engulfing of smaller molecules-stationary
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Pinocytosis
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Routine activity of most cells referred to as cell drinking fluid phase endocytosis
Molecule contacts cell membrane Membrane flows inward Membrane fuses |
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Semi permeability
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During hemodialysis, where blood is red, dialyzing fluid is blu, and the membrane is yellow
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Ribosomes
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Sites of protein synthesis, composed of protein and a variety of RNA
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Free ribosomes
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Float in cytoplasm make soluble proteins membrane bound synthesize protein that is destined to leave the cell
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Cell death
Apoptosis |
The elimination of excessive normal cells produced by the body
Programmed cell death The cell ceases to reproduce Had mistakes in DNA Cells wear out and become ineffective |
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Diffusion
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Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Like equilibrium-everything is equally spread out |
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Diffusion
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Stops when equilibrium is obtained
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Facilitated diffusion
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Speeding up of normal diffusion by the use of a carrier molecule (enzyme or hormone)
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Facilitated diffusion
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Enzymes carrier molecule not part of the cell
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Facilitated diffusion
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Hormone insulin is the carrier molecule
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Osmosis
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Diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane
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Osmosis
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Water moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
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Osmosis
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Water moves from an area where more water is present to an area where less water is present
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Osmosis
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Water has the tendency to move to an area where there is more dissolved material (salt and sugar)
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Osmosis
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occurs in human cells and body fluids which contain many dissolved substances (salt, sugar, acids, bases) the concentration of dissolved substances in the fluid creates a pull
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Osmotic pressure
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Pulling water in
(Eat salty foods-what happens?) |
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Solutions can be isotonic
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Solution with the same concentration as in the cells
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Isotonic
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Water moves in and out of the cell in equal rates- equal pressure no change in cell size
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Solutions can be Hypotonic
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Solution with lower salt concentration than in cells more water will enter the "salty" cell than leaves causes the cell to swell ( can burst) ex; dog food pellet in water
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Abnormal cellular changes
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Hypertrophy increase in cell size
Results from overuse of cells (muscles) |
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Atrophy
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Decrease in cell size
Results from underuse of cells (muscles) |
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Hyperplasia
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Excessive cell production increase in the number of cells causes milk producing glands during pregnancy
Prostate gland in male |
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Neoplasm
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New mass cells formed due to the inability to control mitosis
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Malignant
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Cancerous
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Benign
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Non-cancerous
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Anaplasia
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Cells change in orientation to each other fail to mature and differentiate into specialized cell types
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Tonicity
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Refers to the ability to change the shape or tone of cells by altering the cells internal water volume tone=tension
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Cellular transport
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How substances transported in and out of the cell
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Cell membranes can be
Permeable |
Open to passage or penetration
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Semipermeable
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Membrane permeable to selective solutes and water
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Transport of substances
Occurs by two general processes |
Passive transport process
And active transport process |
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Passive transport process
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Cell does not have to expand energy- does not have to do any work
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Active transport process
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Requires expenditure of energy by the cell
Energy required for active transport is obtained from a chemical substance-ATP produced in the mitochondria and released to remove the fluid of the cell |
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ATP
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produced in the mitochondria and released to remove the fluid of the cell
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Mutation
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Change in base of sequence copied wrong causes radiation, chemicals, drugs, viruses, etc
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Genetic or hereditary disease
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Abnormal DNA from one or both parents is passed on and leads to defect as if sickle cell anemia, hemophilia
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AIDS
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HIV virus inserts it's genetic information into the DNA strand of a cell and disrupts the cells normal function thereafter the virus material is reproduced as the DNA reproduces- why the disease is so difficult to treat
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Cell division
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Cells must be able to divide in order to increase in number for growth , cellular repair, and to ensure each cell in the body has the same genetic information
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Cell division
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Once the DNA is replicated (copied) the cell divides
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Mitosis
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Process of cell division
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Cell growth and reproduction
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Cells have the ability to change conditions
To altar their size, reproductive rate, or other characteristics allows for changes in internal environment Allows cells to work more efficiently |
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Cells
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Can respond to changes abnormally, which decreases their function and efficiency, threatening the health of the body
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Hypotonic
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More water causes the cell to swell -can burst
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Hypertonic
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Water leave Cells shrivels -can die
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Active transport
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Swim upstream from low to high concentration
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Active transport methods
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Are called pumps Na/ k pump
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