A & P

Front 1

What glands produce saliva?

Back 1

Parotid (anterior to ears), Submandibualar, Sublingual

Front 2

What are the endocrine products of the pancreas?

Back 2

Insulin, Glucagons

Front 3

What is bile composed of?

Back 3

Bile salts, Bile pigment (mostly bilirubin from the breakdown of hemoglobin), Cholesterol, Phospholipids, Electrolytes.

Front 4

What does the gallbladder store?

Back 4

Bile

Front 5

What is segmentation?

Back 5

Moving materials back & forth to aid in mixing (in digestive system)

Front 6

What are the processes of mechanical digestion?

Back 6

Mixing of food in the mouth by the tongue, Churning of food in the stomach, Segmentation in the sm intestine.

Front 7

What are carbohydrates broken down to?

Back 7

Simple sugars.

Front 8

What are proteins broken down to?

Back 8

Amino acids.

Front 9

What are fats broken down to?

Back 9

Fatty acids & alchols.

Front 10

What are the stimuli that control digestive activity?

Back 10

Stretch of the organ, pH of the contents, Presence of the breakdown products.

Front 11

What are the reflexes that control digestive activity?

Back 11

Activation or inhibition of glandular secretions, Smooth muscle activity.

Front 12

Salivary amylase breaks down starch into?

Back 12

Maltose

Front 13

What are the phases of deglutition (swallowing)?

Back 13

Buccal phase (in the mouth), Pharyngeal-esophageal phase.

Front 14

Which passageways are blocted to the stomach & how?

Back 14

Tongue blocks off the mouth.
Soft palate (uvula) blocks the nasopharynx.
Epiglottis blocks the larynx.

Front 15

What factors regulate gastric juice?

Back 15

Neural & Hormonal

Front 16

What causes the release of gastrin?

Back 16

Presence of food or falling pH.

Front 17

What does gastrin cause stomach glands to produce?

Back 17

Protein-digesting enzymes.

Front 18

What enzymes digest protein?

Back 18

Pepsin & Rennin

Front 19

What does the stomach absorb?

Back 19

Alcohol & ASA

Front 20

What do enzymes from the brush border do?

Back 20

Break double sugars into simple sugars.
Complete some protein digestion.

Front 21

What is the action of pancreatic enzymes?

Back 21

Amylase helps complete digestion of starch, Digests about half of proteins (trypsin,etc), Lipase is responsible for fat digestion, Nucleases digest ducleic acids, Alkaline contents neutralizes acidic chyme.

Front 22

What nerve stimulates the release of pancreatic juice?

Back 22

Vagus

Front 23

What hormones stimulates the release of pancreatic juice?

Back 23

Secretin
Cholecystokinin

Front 24

How are lipids absorbed?

Back 24

diffusion

Front 25

What is absorbed in the lg intestine?

Back 25

Water & vitamins K & B

Front 26

What is catabolism?

Back 26

Substances are broken down to simpler substances. Energy is released.

Front 27

What is anabolism?

Back 27

Larger molecules are built form smaller ones,

Front 28

What is the major breakdown product & fuel to make ATP?

Back 28

Glucose

Front 29

What is glycolysis?

Back 29

Energiszes a glucose molecule so that it can be split into two pyruvic acid molecules & yield ATP.

Front 30

What does the Krebs cycle produce?

Back 30

Virtually all the CO2 & H2O resulting from cell respiration, yields a sm amt of ATP.

Front 31

For ATP synthesis fats must first be broken down to?

Back 31

Acetic acid.

Front 32

Within the mitochondira, acetic acid is completely oxidized to produce?

Back 32

Water, CO2, & ATP

Front 33

Proteins are conserved by body cells because?

Back 33

They are used for most cellular structures.

Front 34

Ingested proteins are broken down to?

Back 34

Amino acids.

Front 35

Cells remove amino acids to build?

Back 35

Proteins.

Front 36

Amino acids are used to make ATP only when?

Back 36

Proteinsa are overabundant or there is a shortage of other sources.

Front 37

Amine groups are removed from proteins as?

Back 37

Amonia

Front 38

The liver converts harmful ammonia to?

Back 38

Urea which can be eliminated in urine.

Front 39

What are the liver's roles in digestion?

Back 39

Detoxifies drugs & ETOH, Degrades hormones, Produce cholesterol, blood proteins, Plays a central role in metabolism.

Front 40

What is Glycogenesis?

Back 40

Glucose molecules are converted to glycogen (glycogen molecules are stored in the liver)

Front 41

What is Glycogenolysis?

Back 41

Glucose is released from the liver after conversion from glycogen.

Front 42

What is Gluconeogenesis?

Back 42

Glucose is produced from fats & proteins.

Front 43

Fats & fatty acids that are picked up by the liver are?

Back 43

Some are oxidized to provide energy for liver cells.
Rest are broken down into simpler compunds & released into the blood.

Front 44

What are the functions of cholesterol?

Back 44

Serves as a structural basis of steroid hormones & vit D.
Is a major buliding block of plasma membranes.

Front 45

Where does most cholesterol come from?

Back 45

Produced in the liver, not the diet.

Front 46

Can cholesterol & fatty acids circulate freely in the bloodstream?

Back 46

No

Front 47

What form is energy stored in?

Back 47

Fat or Glycogen

Front 48

What mechanisms may regulate food intake?

Back 48

Levels of nutrients in the blood, Hormones, Body temp, Psychological factors.

Front 49

What is Basic Metabolic Rate?

Back 49

Amount of heat produced by the body per unit of time at rest.

Front 50

What factors influence BMR?

Back 50

Surface area (sm body usually has higher BMR), Gender (males have higher BMR), Age (peds & adolescents have Higher BMR), Amt of thyroxine (most important factor)

Front 51

Most energy is released as foods are?

Back 51

Oxidized

Front 52

What are the layers of the alimentary canal organs?

Back 52

Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa, Serosa.

Front 53

What are the 3 separate networks of nerve fibers of the alimentary canal nerve plexuses?

Back 53

Submucosal nerve plexus
Myenteric nerve plexus
Subserous plexus

Front 54

Lesser omentum attaches the liver to the? (of the stomach)

Back 54

lesser curvature.

Front 55

Greater omentum attaches the posterior body wall to the? (of the stomach)

Back 55

Greater curvature

Front 56

*Specialized mucosa of the stomach*
Mucous neck cells produce?

Back 56

A sticky alkaline mucus.

Front 57

*Specialized mucosa of the stomach*
Gastric glands secrete?

Back 57

Gastric juice

Front 58

*Specialized mucosa of the stomach*
Chief cells produce?

Back 58

Protein-digesting enzymes (pepsinogens)

Front 59

*Specialized mucosa of the stomach*
Parietal cells produce?

Back 59

Hydrochloric acid

Front 60

*Specialized mucosa of the stomach*
Endocrine cells produce?

Back 60

Gastrin

Front 61

What is the body's major digestive organ?

Back 61

Small Intestine.

Front 62

What are the pocket like sacs/walls of the lg intestine?

Back 62

Haustra

Front 63

In the lg intestine smooth muscle is reduced to?

Back 63

3 bands, Teniae coli.
Muscle bands have some degree of tone.