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15 Cards in this Set

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What are the parts of the male reproductive system?
Primary sex organs = gonads (testes)
-function in spermatogenesis and hormonogenesis (testosterone)

Ducts:
Components:
Tubuli recti --> rete testis --> vasa efferentia --> epididymis --> vas deferens --> ductus ejaculatorius --> urethra
function:
-storage and incubator for maturing spermatozoa

Accesory sex glands:
Seminal vesicles - contribute to major portion of seminal fluid (volume)
Prostate - neutralizes acidic vaginal secretions and stimulates sperm motility, enlarges in males and common site for cancer
Bulbo-urethral glands - secrete mucus

External genitalia:
Penis - contains urethra, passageway for urine and semen
scrotum - provides optimal temp for spermatogenesis

Primary sex organs + duct system + accessory sex glands = internal genitalia

duct system + accessory sex organs + external genitalia = secondary sex organs
What is the pathway for the Ducts of the testis?
Seminiferous tubules --> straight tubules --> rete testis --> efferent ducts in the epididymis --> ductus epididymis
What is the blood-testis barrier?
formed by basement membrane and tight junctions between adjacent Sertoli cells

functions:
-prevents movement of substances from interestitial fluid into seminiferous tubules
-prevent leakage of spermatozoa proteins into systemic circulation (otherwise could cause orchitis)
What are Sertoli and Leydig cells?
Sertoli cells:
Secrete:
-inhibins - decrease FSH and spermatogenesis
-androgen-binding protein - maintains high androgen levels in seminiferous tubules
-paracrine agents - influence function of leydig cells
-Mullerian inhibiting factor
-H-Y antigen - primary gonads --> testes
-conversion of androgen --> estradiol
-forms BTB - tight junctions separate into basal (spermatogonia) and adluminal (spermatocytes and spermatids)

Leydig cells:
-located in stroma between seminiferous tubules
-secrete testosterone
-LH stimulates leydig cells to secrete testosterone
What is Cryptorchidism?
undescended testis, failure of normal descent of testis from abdominal cavity into the scrotum

leads to low sperm count because of lack of spermatogenesis due to the higher temperature of the extrascrotal testis

Leydig cells are spared

ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASE IN RISK OF DEVELOPING MALIGNANCY
What does the spermatic cord do and what are its contents and course?
Function:
-suspends testis in scrotum
-contains structures running to and from the testis

Contents:
-Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
-Testicular Artery
-Ductus deferens
-Artery of ductus deferens
-Pampiniform venous plexus

Course:
Begins at deep inguinal ring
Courses through inguinal canal
Exits at superficial inguinal ring
Ends in posterior border of testis
What are Varicocele and Hydrocele?
Varicocele:
-dilation and tortuosity of veins that drain the testis
-feels like a "bag of worms"

Hydrocele:
-presence of excess fluid in the processus vaginalis
hydrocele of the testis - distends tunica vaginalis
hydrocele of the cord - distends processus vaginalis
-can cause indirect inguinal hernia
What is a vasectomy?
bilateral excision of segment of vas deferens --> infertility

only secretion of prostate and seminal fluid constitute seminal fluid
What are the accessory sex glands?
secrete most of liquid portion of semen

1. Seminal vesicle - 60 %
-alkaline, viscous fluid containing fructose, prostaglandins and clotting proteins

2. Prostate - 25 %
-milky, acidic fluid containing citric acid, proteolytic enzymes

3. Bulbourethral galnds (Cowper's gland):
-mucus
What are the zones of the prostate gland?
Peripheral zone:
-75 % of prostate gland
-contains simple glands and loose stroma, common site for carcinoma

Central zone:
-lies between ejaculatory ducts

Transitional zone:
-enlarges greatly in individuals with benign prostatic hyperplasia
What is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?
common in men > 50

prostatic hyperplasia of stromal and glandular cells --> large, discrete nodules

symptoms:
-retention of urine in bladder leading to cystitis and infection of urine
-problems in micturation (nocturia, dysuria)
What is Spermatogenesis?
begins with spermatogonia (2n):
-stem cells undergo mitosis

primary spermatocytes (2n):
-each duplicates its DNA and meiosis begins

Meiosis I:
-homologous pairs line up, crossing over begins
Secondary spermatocytes (n):
-2 cells at end of meiosis I
-each chromosome made up of 2 chromatids attached to centromere
Meiosis II:
-2 chromatids separate
-spermatids - 4 haploid cells at end of meiosis II

cells remain attached to each other in cytoplasmic bridges
What is Spermiogenesis?
Involves morpho-function and biochemical changes --> immature spermatozoon

Loss of junctional contacts with sertoli cells and release of immature spermatids into lumen - spermiation

sperm remaions non-motile and non-fertile
What is the pathway of Spermatozoa?
Convulted seminiferous tubules --> straight seminiferous tubules --> rete testis --> efferent ductules --> epididymis --> ductus deferens --> ejaculatory duct --> urethra exterior
What are some of the hormonal controls of the testes?
LH and FSH from GnRH

LH:
-stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone
-Enzyme 5 alpha-reductase converts testosterone into DHT (stimulates development of external genitalia)

FSH:
-acts indirectly on spermatogenesis
-FSH and testosterone act on sertoli cells to stimulate secretion of androgen-binding protein (ABP)
-sertoli cells release inhibin which inhibits FSH