A & P 2 Final Review Questions

Front 1

1. How are the organs of the urinary system connected?

Back 1

--kidney is main organ and processes blood and form urine as a waste to be excreted then to accessory organs: ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

Hint 1

organ pathway

Front 2

4. What structures are included in the tubular system of a nephron?

Back 2

--Renal corpuscle
--Bowman's capsule
--Loop of Henle
--distal convoluted tubule
--collecting duct
--collecting tubuale
--papilla pyramid
--

Hint 2

p. 1041

Front 3

5. What structures are included in the vascular system of a nephron?

Back 3

--proximal tubuale
--Bowman's capsuale
--parietal wall
--glomerulus
--visceral wall
--afferent arteriole
--jux cells



...tubualar boneless capsuale

Hint 3

p. 1037 fig 28-4

Front 4

6. What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Back 4

--is to detect blood pressure, detect solute concentration of urine flow
--also maintenence of blood flow homeostasis

Hint 4

class plus last page of chapter

Front 5

7. What is renal corpuscle?

Back 5

--where filtration occurs..water, smaller solute particles are moved like ions and glucose etc.

Hint 5

class notes

Front 6

8. Describe the gross anatomical structures of the urinary bladder.

Back 6

--ureter,peritoneum,smooth muscle, trigone, rugae,internal urinary sphincter, prostrate gland,external urinary sphincter, bulbourethral gland
--also: most UTI remains in trigon becuz more urine passes through

Front 7

9. Compare male and female urinary tract structures.

Back 7

--male urethra is joined by the ejaculatory ducts and has prostrate gland
--female bladder is seperate from the lower reproductive tract and lies behind the urethra which is shorter and can have UTI mostly

Hint 7

p.1040

Front 8

10. Describe the processes involved in the formation of urine.

Back 8

--
-filtration
-reabsorption
-tubular secretion
-regulation of urine volume

Front 9

11. compare filtration and reabsorption volumes of water, glucose, urea, and chloride.

Back 9

..glucose is 100% reabsorbed, others loose a little bit

Hint 9

class notes and p. 1063

Front 10

12. What are hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis used for?

Back 10

--kidney failure and is used to help remove waste

Front 11

13. **How is the total body water distributed? What percent is in ICF or in ECF?

Back 11

..body water distributed is 2/3 or 66% ..outside cell is 34%
ICF=

Front 12

14. What are the chief chemical constituents of blood plasma, intrastitial fluid, and ICF?

Back 12

-ICF (intracellular fluid)= potasium
-intrastitial fluid or Extra cellular= sodium
-Blood Plasma= sodium

Front 13

15. What are the sources of fluid intake and output in the body?

Back 13

---intake=food,water, metabolism
---output=urine,sweat, breathing,feces….urine is the one most lost
-water in foods
-ingested fluids
-lungs
-skin
-kidney
-large intestine
-tissue catabolism
-stomach

Front 14

16. How does atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) regulate fluid and electrolyte balance?

Back 14

--
*natri means sodium, loose body fluid

Front 15

17. How does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulate fluid and electrolyte balance?

Back 15

---adh- no sodium just water
-

Front 16

18. How does aldosterone regulate fluid and electrolyte balance?

Back 16

**adrenal cortex....aldosterone regulates the amount of sodium reabsorbed into blood by renal tubules

Front 17

19. What are the 2 types of mechanisms that control the acid-base balance?

Back 17

chemical and physiological systems

Front 18

20. Describe the bicarbonic acid buffer system.

Back 18

..

Front 19

21. How do the lungs and kidneys regulate acid-base balance?

Back 19

..CO2 gives off then kidneys increase Hydrogen rate

Front 20

22. What is the normal blood pH value?

Back 20

.. 7.35

Front 21

23. Define acidosis and alkalosis.

Back 21

..acidosis=below 7.35 and
alkalsis=above 7.45

Front 22

24. How are respiratory and metabolic acid-base disturbances determined?

Back 22

..pco2-respiratory, bicarbinate = metabolic

Front 23

25. Describe the features of uncompensated respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, and metabolic alkalosis.

Back 23

****
opposites
-uncompensated respiratory acidosis= carbonic acid excess..carbon dioxide in blood
-respiratory alkalosis=carbonic acid deficit...excessive loss of carbonic acid
-metabolic acidosis=sodium bicarbonit deficit...decrease in carbonic acid
metabolic alkalosis= bicarbonate excess

*uncompensated ones only, going up and down ,above or below normal stuff

Front 24

26. What is a gonad?

Back 24

--sex gland

Front 25

27. Where are sperm cells produced?

Back 25

Seminiferous tubules

Front 26

28. Describe the structure of a mature sperm cell.

Back 26

-- head to penetrate, middle-mitochondria, tail for movement

Front 27

29. What are the functions of spermatogenic cells, Leydig cells, Sertoli cells?

Back 27

-spermatogenic cells= parent cells
-Leydig= testosterone producing
-Sertoli-protein producing

Front 28

30. How is the secretion of testosterone regulated?

Back 28

..hypothalamus detecdted through testes

Front 29

31. *****Trace the path a sperm follows to exit the body.

Back 29

..testes, epideminous, ductous, ejector, urethra (from notes: Ductus deferens and seminale vesicle go together to ejactory duct, Urethra****

Front 30

32. Where is the site of vasectomy?

Back 30

.. vas deferens

Front 31

33. What are the accessory glands of the male reproductive system?

Back 31

..

Front 32

34. Describe the structure of the spermatic cord?

Back 32

..muscle cremaste, blood vessels, nerves, vans deferens, etc..to elevate scrotum by temp. depending…( notes from class: Cremaster muscle helps lift penis and is temperature sensitive…needs lower tempuratures)

Front 33

35. Describe the structure of the penis?

Back 33

..look to diagram…3 columns of erectile tissue--filling of blood in tissue, glans penis is covered by foreskin=removal circumscision

Front 34

36. How does an ovarian follicle develop?

Back 34

..every month 1 follicle release….by a cyclic cycle

Front 35

37. How is the secretion of estrogen and progesterone regulated?

Back 35

..REGULATED BY FSH and LH by the diagram showing this…..look for diagram in ch. 32

Front 36

38. Trace the path a sperm follows to enter the female genital tract to meet an egg?

Back 36

..vag, cerv, fallopian tube

Front 37

39. Where are the sites of tubal ligation and Pap smear test, respectively?

Back 37

..tubal - fallopian tube,,,pap smear is cervix

Front 38

40. What are the structures of the female external genitalia?

Back 38

..vagina is internal organ not external…labia, vaginal opening is external
vulva -
• Mons pubis (hair)
• Labia majora=scrotum
• Labia minora
• Clitoris'- erectile tissue eqivalent of =glans penis #41
• Urethral oriface =
• Vaginal oriface = internal structure

Greater vestibular - bulba gland in male is equivalent structure

Front 39

41. What are the homologous structures in males of the female clitoris, labia majora, and Bartholin's glands?

Back 39

clitoris-glans of the penis and corpora cavernosa
labia majora-scrotum
Bartholin's glands-bulbourethral glands

Front 40

42. How are the ovarian and uterine cycles correlated?

Back 40

after secretion,before proliferation is menstration follicular phase) to secretory

Front 41

43.What hormonal surge is required for ovulation?

Back 41

..LH

Front 42

44. What hormone is mainly responsible for a rise in body temperature after ovulation?

Back 42

..progesterone

Front 43

45. Describe the structure of the female breast?

Back 43

..mostly adipose tissue over muscle, alveolis, ductule, lactiferuos duct to lacti sinus to nipple

Front 44

46. What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Back 44

..mitosis simply divides and meiosis occurs only in specialized cells rather than in every tissue; it produces haploid gametes rather than diploid somatic cells; and each daughter cell is genetically different from the others due to recombination and independent assortment of homologues, rather than genetically identical. The pairing of homologous chromosomes and crossing over occur only in meiosis.

Front 45

47. How does oogenesis differ from spermatogenesis?

Back 45

..Formation and development of spermatozoa by meiosis and spermatogenesis. Oogenesis is formation, development, and maturation of an ovum.

Front 46

48. Define ovulation, insemination, fertilization, and implantation.

Back 46

..******definition or action then the matching answer

-Discharge of an ovum or ovule from the ovary.
-The introduction of sperm into the vagina. Impregnation.
-The act or process of initiating biological reproduction by insemination or pollination.
-The process by which a fertilized egg implants in the uterine lining.

Front 47

49. What are the primary germ layers?

Back 47

..

Front 48

50. What is the difference between amnion and chorion?

Back 48

..outermost of the several extraembryonic membranes...The chorion surrounds the embryo and other membranes. It consists of two layers: an outer formed by the primitive ectoderm or trophoblast, and an inner by the somatic mesoderm; with this latter the amnion is in contact....The amnion is a membranous sac which surrounds and protects the embryo.

Front 49

51. What is the difference between identical and fraternal twins?

Back 49

..frat= 2 placenta 2 egg
identical = 1 placenta 1 egg

Front 50

52. *****Define histogenisis, organogenesis.

Back 50

..Histogenesis is the formation of different tissues from undifferentiated cell.
..organgenisis=The formation of organs within an embryo. Organogenesis occurs within the first trimester

Front 51

53. define genetics, heredity, and genome.

Back 51

..genome - entire chromos in body,The total DNA sequence that characterizes a species, including man. The Human Genome Project, aimed at sequencing the DNA in human chromosomes, was completed at the end of the millennium. have been mapped
..heredity - Heredity is the transmission of genetic characteristics from ancestor to descendant through the genes.
..genetics=Genetics is the area of biological study concerned with heredity and with the variations between organisms that result from it.

Front 52

54. Describe the relationships among chromosome, chromatin, nucleosome, DNA, and gene.

Back 52

..w Chromosomes - cells dividing
w Gene - whole segment of DNA
w Gene on a chromosome is called locui , a spot
w The segment of the DNA will determine the trait of something
w Human gynome - entire collection of genitic material in every cell

Front 53

55. Describe the inherited [atterns of albinism, color blindness, Down syndrome, turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome.

Back 53

.color blindness is recessive .....w Turner syndrome - hypogonadism, gonad function is low and is sterile, shorter, chubby, total number of chromosomes missing only 45 the x is missing (xosyndrome).
w Monosome - incapatable with life, will just die
w Klinefelter syndrome - gonad function is low and have 2 x chromosomes, xxy genotype and sterile

Front 54

2. Describe the gross anatomical structures of the kidney?

Back 54

--renal cortex= outer region
--renal medulla= inner region (renal pyramids,renal columns, calyx or calycess
--renal pelvis=beginning part or ureter

Front 55

3. What is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney?

Back 55

--nephron = there are over a million nephrons in the kidney...