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168 Cards in this Set
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- 3rd side (hint)
Hematology
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the study of blood
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What type of tissue is blood?
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liquid connective tissue
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How much of total body weight does blood consist of?
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8%
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When are fibers present in blood?
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only in clotting
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What is the matrix of blood?
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plasma
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What is the salt concentration of blood?
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85-90%
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Why is blood so high in salt concentration?
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because it is used as a medium for osmossis and diffusion
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What is higher in temp: blood or your body temp?
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blood but only slightly
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What is the Ph of blood?
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7.35 to 7.45 making it slightly alkaline
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What is the volume of blood in the human male?
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5 - 6 liters
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What is the volume of blood in the human female?
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4 - 5 liters
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What type of mixture is blood?
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heterogeneous
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How much of blood is made up of plasma?
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55%
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Name the componets of blood?
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plasma and formed elements
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What percent of plasma is made up of water?
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90 - 92%
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What does the plasma contain?
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water, plasma protiens, and solutes
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What protiens are found in plasma?
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albumin, globulins, fibrogen
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What solutes are found in plasma?
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respitory gases and nutrients
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In blood, how much of it is formed elements?
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45%
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In blood, what are the formed elements made of?
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Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Thrombocytes
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Erythrocytes
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Red Blood Cells
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Leukocytes
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White Blood Cells
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Thrombocytes
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platelets
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Why do males have more liters of blood than females?
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because they have testosterone
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Name the functions of blood
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transportation, protection, and regulation
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What does blood transport?
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Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide, nutrients to digestive tract, hormones to target organs, and wastes from cell metabolism to kidneys
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What does the blood protect?
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blood loss by clotting and infection by phagocytosis and antibody protection
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What does the blood regulate?
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Ph, body temp, and water and electrolyte balance
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What is normal Ph for the human body?
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7.4
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Name what the "formed elements" of blood are composed of
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Erthrocytes, Leukocytes, Thrombocytes
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What is another name for Erthrocytes?
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Red Blood Cells
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What is the function of Erythrocytes?
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it transports respitory gases
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What is the shape of the Erythrocyte?
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bi-concave
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Why is the Erythrocyte bi-concave?
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because it is anucleate
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How many Erythrocytes are there per cubic milliliter?
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4.8 - 5.4 million
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What is the life span of a Erythrocyte?
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120 Days
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Why are Erythrocytes flexable?
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because they contain spectrin
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Spectrin
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a protien that allows the Erythrocytes to be flexable
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Why is there a need for Erythrocytes to be flexable?
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because the capillaries that they travel through are smaller than the actual Erythrocyte
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What is the hemoglobin in Erythrocytes composed of?
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4 poly peptide chains with an iron containing heme pigment in each
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In an Erythrocyte, what is attached to the iron in the heme?
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Oxygen
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What color is Hemoglobin?
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red like the color of blood
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What respitory gas does the Erythrocyte specifically transport?
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hemoglobin
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How much is the Erythrocyte able to carry of the hemoglobin?
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200 - 300 million per molecule
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Erythropoiesis
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The production of red blood cells
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Where does Erythropoiesis take place?
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in red bone marrow
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How fast does the Erythropoiesis take place?
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2.4 million are produced per sec
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Name the stages of Erythropoiesis
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Hemocytoblast, Proerythrocyte, Early Erythrocyte, Late Erythrocyte, Normoblast, Reticulocyte, Erythrocyte
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Hemocytoblast
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stem cells within the bone marrow multipuly by mitosis to form committed cells called proerythrocytes
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Proerythrocytes
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they divide by mitosis to produce Early Erythrocytes
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Early Erythrocytes
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after accumulating large amounts of hemoglobin it becomes a late erythrocyte
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What is the difference between the Early and Late Erythrocytes?
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the different amounts of ribosomes
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Normoblasts
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it expels the nucleus and organelles and takes on the shape of bi-concave
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Reticulocyte
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the non-nucleated cell
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When does the Reticulocyte become a Erythrocyte?
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after it squeezes through the capillary walls of the bone marrow and mature in circulation
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What regulates Erythropoiesis?
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hormonal controls and Dietary Controls
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What is Erythropoiesis stimulated by?
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Erythropoietin
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What is Erythropoietin produced by?
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the kidney
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When is Erythropoietin produced?
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RBC count is low, there are insufficient hemoglobin amounts, reduced availability of oxygen
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Hypoxia
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reduced availability of oxygen
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Name the dietary suppliments that are needed for Erythropoiesis
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amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, iron, vitamin B12, and Folic acid
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What is needed for hemoglobin production?
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iron
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What is needed for DNA Synthesis?
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Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid
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What happens to dying RBC?
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they are phagocytized by macrophages
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Where are the macrophages that eat dying RBC located?
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the liver, spleen, and bone marrow
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What part of the dying RBC is broken down for uses in other areas?
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hemoglobins
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What is hemoglobin broken down into?
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heme and globin
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What is heme further broken down to?
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a) iron b) bilirubin
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bilirubin
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a yellowish pigment
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What is globin broken down into?
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amino acids
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What happens to the iron after it is broken down?
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it is stored in the liver and spleen for re-use
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What happens to the amino acids after it is broken down?
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they are recycled in the body for re-use
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What happens to the bilirubin?
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it is secreted into the intestine as a part of bile where it is metabolized and then lost in the feces
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What is bilirubin metabolized into while in the intestine?
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urobilinogen
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Anemia
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Decreased RBC counts
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Aplastic anemia
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failure of bone marrow to function
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What is Aplastic Anemia caused by?
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ionizing radiation, drug use, some antibiotics, some bacterial toxins, and some poisons
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Hemorrhagic
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results from excessive blood loss
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Hemolytic Anemia
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an increase in the rate of destruction of RBCs
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Whats another name for Hemolytic Anemia?
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hemolysis
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Name the types of Anemia in RBC
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Aplastic Anemia, Hemorrhagic, Hemolytic Anemia
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Name the decreased hemoglobin levels in RBC
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Iron Deficiency and Pernicious Anemia
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Iron Deficiency
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no iron results in small pale erythrocytes
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Microcytes
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small pale erythrocytes
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Pernicious Anemia
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Decrease in total numbers because Vitamin B12 deficiency or deficiency of intrinsic factor for Vitimin B12 absorbtion
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Name the abnormal hemoglobin levels deficiencys
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Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Anemia
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Thalassemia
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genetically inherited abnormal hemoglobin synthesis
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In what race is Thalassemia commonly found?
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Mediterranean Ancestry
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Sickle Cell Anemia
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Genetically inherited abnormal hemoglobin synthesis
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In what race is Sickle Cell Anemia found?
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African Americans
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Polycythemia
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excess RBC cause blood to become even more viscous and flows sluggishly
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Name the types of Polycythemia
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Primary Polycycthemia and Secondary Polycythemia
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Primary Polycythemia
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often results from bone marrow cancer
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Secondary Polycythemia
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results from low oxygen concentrations such as high altitudes, lung disease, or smoking
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What induces Secondary Polycythemia?
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steroids and testosterone
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Name the types of tests associated with Erythrocytes
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Hematocrit, RBC count, Hemoglobin concentrations, Reticulocytes
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What is the normal range for a Hematocrit?
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47% for males and 42% for females
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What is the function of Leukocytes
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fighting infection
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How many WBC are there to RBC?
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700 to 1
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Why can Leukocytes metabilize?
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because they have a nuclei
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How are Leukocytes able to leave blood vessles?
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by diapedesis
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Diapedesis
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amoeboid movements
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What pigment does Leukocytes lack?
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Hemoglobin
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Name the categories of Leukocytes
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Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
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Name the types of Granulocytes
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Neurtophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
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What do Neurtophils do?
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phagocytize bacteria
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How much of all WBC do Neutrophils account for?
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50% - 70%
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How much of all WBC do Eosinophils accout for?
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2% -4%
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What do Eosinophils fight?
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allregic reations and paracitic infections
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What do Basophils fight?
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inflammatory and allergic reations
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What do Basophils carry with them??
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heparin and histamine
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None
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What does Heparin and Histamine do while attached to the Basophil?
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they dilate the blood vessels while calling other white blood cells to the site
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None
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What similar cell releases histamine?
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mast cells
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None
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How does a mast cell release histamine?
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by binding to an antibody
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None
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where are mast cells found?
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in connective tissues
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Name the types of agranulocytes
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Lymphocytes and Monocytes
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What do Lymphocytes do?
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are involved in immunity and the production of B and T Cells
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What do Monocytes act as?
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phagocytic macrophages
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How much of WBC do Monocytes account for?
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3% - 8%
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Leukopoiesis
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formation of White Blood Cells
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Where does Leukopoiesis occur?
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in red bone marrow
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When there is infection and a need of more WBC, what initiates Leukopoiesis?
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cytokines
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None
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Hemocytoblasts diferenciate into what during Leukopoiesis?
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Myeloid cells and Lymphoid stem cells
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What do Myeloid cells turn into during Leukopoiesis?
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Granulocytes and Monocytes
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What do Lymphoids turn into during Leukopoiesis?
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agranulocytes called Lymphocytes
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Leukopenia
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abnormally low white blood cell count
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What is Leukopenia induced by?
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drugs, glucocorticoids, and anti-cancer agents
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Leukocytosis
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increase in white blood cell count
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Infectious Mononucleosis
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"Kissing Disease" caused by Epstein-Barr virus resulting in excessive numbers of atypical agranulocytes
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Leukemia
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cancerous condition of WBC and is named after the predominate cell type Acute Leukemia and Chronic Leukemia
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Acute Leukemia
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quick advancing cancer dervied from lymphoblasts (young)
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Chronic Leukemia
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Slow advancing cancer dervied from late stages of myelocytes (old)
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What is the function of thrombocytes?
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blood clotting
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What is the size of a thrombocyte?
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half the size of a RBC
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How many thrombocytes are there?
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250,000 - 400,000 per milliliter
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What are thrombocytes larger fragments of?
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Megakaryocytes
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What is the life span of a Thrombocyte?
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5 - 9 days
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Name the main stages of Blood Clotting
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Vascular Spasms, Platelet Plug, Coagulation
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What happens in Vascular spasms>
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smooth muscle contraction constricts the blood vessles to reduce blood flow in damaged area
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What are Vascular Spasms stimulated by?
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endothelin and serotonin
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How is the Platelet Plug formed?
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platelets stick to the exposed collagen fibers
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What is the platelet plug stimulated by?
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prostagladins
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What stimulates Coagulation?
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PF3
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Coagulation
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formation of a clot which invloves two chemical pathways
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Name the pathways involved in Coagulation
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Intrinsic and extrinsic
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Coagulation is what type of feedback?
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positive
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Intrinsic
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inside the blood vessle
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Extrinsic
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outside the blood vessle
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What type is faster of intrinsic and extrinsic
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extrinsic
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Name the steps of conversion from insoluable to soluable form
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Prothrominase causes cascade of prothrombin to turn into thrombin which calls on the conversion of soluable fibrogen into soluable fibrinogen
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After the initial platelets stick to collagen fibers, what calls other platelets to the damaged area?
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Thromboxane A2
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None
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Whats another name for Clot Retraction?
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syneresis
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Clot Retraction
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platelets contract to pull on the surrounding fibrin strands compacting the clot
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PDGF
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Platelet Derived Growth Factor
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What does PDGF do?
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stimulates smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to divide and rebuild the vessle wall
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Fibrinolysis
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fibrin strands are broken by plasmin
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plasmin
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a protien that is an inactive enzyme
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Thrombus
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a clot that develops in an unbroken blood vessel
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Embolus
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a thrombus that is freely floating in the blood stream
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Hemophilia
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inability to clot because of missing clotting factor (sex linked) "free bleeders"
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Thrombocytopenia
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low numbers of circulating platelets causing spontaneous bleeding
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Impaired Liver Function
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results in vitamin K deficiencies
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Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
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wide spread clotting that occurs in intact vessles and the residual blood becomes unable to clot
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Asprin
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an antiprostoglandin drug prevents platelet aggregration by inhibiting thromboxane A2
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Hemarin
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an anticoagulant that inhibits thrombin and its abitily to convert fibrinogen into fibrin
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Warfarin
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interferes with the action of vitimin K in the production of some clotting factors
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Whats another name for Warfarin?
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Coumadin
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What is Heparin produced by?
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basiophills
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