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224 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an event occurring in the external or internal environments that cannot be detected by the body called?
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Stimulus
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What are structures that detect stimuli?
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Receptors
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What are the three types of receptors?
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Exteroceptor, interoceptors, proprioceptors.
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What do Exteroceptors detect?
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External stimuli
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where are Exteroceptors located?
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Near, or at the surface of the body.
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What do Interoceptors detect?
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Internal stimuli
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Where are interoceptors located
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Viscera,
blood vessels, nervous system. |
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What do Proprioceptors detect?
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Stimuli arising specifically from the musculoskeletal organs
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Where are proprioceptors located
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Skeletal muscles,
tendons, joints. |
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What do you call a reaction to a specific stimulus
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Response
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What are the structures called that carry out responses
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Effectors
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What are action potentials
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Muscle impulses, nerve impulses.
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How many action potentials are there?
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2.
(muscle impulses, nerve impulses) |
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What is a muscle impulse
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Action potential in muscle cells
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What is a nerve impulse
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Action potential in nerve cells
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What are cells that conduct action potentials
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Excitable cells
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What cells do not conduct action potentials
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Non excitable cells
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How many divisions does the nervous system have
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Two main divisions
(PNS and CNS) |
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What are the two main divisions of the nervous system
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Peripheral nervous system, central nervous system.
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What is the peripheral nervous system consist of
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Nerves and ganglia.
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What does the central nervous system consist of
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Brain and spinal cord
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What are nerves
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Bundles of axons wrapped in connective tissue
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What are ganglia
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Clusters of cell bodies
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What are bundles of axons in the CNS called
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Tracts
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What are tracts
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Bundles of axons in central nervous system
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what are clusters of cell bodies referred to as?
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Nuclei
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what does a nuclei consist of
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Clusters of cell bodies
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What is the master controlling and communicating system of the body
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Nervous system
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What is the nervous system
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Master controlling and communicating system of the body
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What are the three main functions of the nervous system
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Sensory input, integration, motor output.
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What is sensory input
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Receptors send action potentials to the CNS via the PNS
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what is integration
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The central nervous system(CNS) processes the sensory information from receptors
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What is motor output
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The CNS sends action potentials via the PNS to effectors that carry out appropriate responses
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Nervous tissue consists of how many cell types
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2.
(neuroglial cells, neurons) |
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What are the two cell types that make up nervous tissue
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Neuroglial cells and neurons
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What are neuroglial cells
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Non excitable cells that serve various accessory functions in the nervous system
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What are non excitable cells that serve various accessory functions in the nervous system
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Neuroglial cells
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What are neurons
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Excitable cells that transmit nerve impulses
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What excitable cells transmit nerve impulses
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Neurons
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What is the most abundant neuroglia in the CNS
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Astrocytes
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What are the functions of astrocytes
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Support neurons,
maintain the blood brain barrier. |
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What does the blood brain barrier do? |
Secretes chemicals that increases the selectivity of the capillary walls in the brain
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True or false. brain tissue is replaceable
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false
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What is the blood brain barrier ineffective against
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Fat soluble substances
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What is microglia
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Macrophages that develop from monocytes
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What does microglia do
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Performs complete checkups on CNS nervous tissue several times a day.
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Where do microglia become concentrated
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In areas damaged by infection, trauma, or stroke.
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Where can Ependymal cells be found?
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Lining the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord.
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ependymal cells produce what?
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Cerebrospinal fluid
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What has processes that reach out to the axons of the neurons in the CNS
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Oligodendrocytes
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The processes of oligodendrocyte rap repeatedly around a portion of an axon to create what
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Myelin sheath
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True or false. oligodendrocyte slow down the conduction of action potentials.
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false
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What are the only glial cells in the PNS?
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Schwann cells and satellite cells
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What forms a myelin sheath around axons in nerves
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Schwann cells
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What is the function of the myelin sheath
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Insulate axon, speed up the transmission of action potential along the axon
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What is it called when the immune system attacks the myelin sheaths, reducing them to nonfunctional hardened lesions.
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Multiple sclerosis
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What are the common symptoms of multiple sclerosis
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Visual disturbances and problems controlling muscles
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Why can't axon repair occur in the central nervous system
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no Schwann cells
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What are neuron processes?
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Dendrites and axon
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The term nerve fiber refers to what
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Axon
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What part of a neuron contains the nucleus
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cell body (soma)
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How are neurons classified
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Structurally and functionally
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How are neurons classified structurally
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According to the number of processes(axons) directly connected to the cell body
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How are neurons classified functionally
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According to where they carry action potentials
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Multipolar neuron
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Unipolar neuron
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Bipolar neuron
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What is the function of sensory neurons
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Transmit action potentials to central nervous system from receptors
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How many types of sensory neurons are there
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2.
(somatic sensory neurons, and visceral sensory neurons) |
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What are the two types of sensory neurons
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Somatic sensory neurons and visceral sensory neurons
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What is the function of somatic sensory neurons
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Transmit action potentials to central nervous system from exteroceptors and proprioceptors.
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What is the function of visceral sensory neurons
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Transmit action potentials to central nervous system from interoceptors
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What is the function of interneurons
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Transmit action potentials within the central nervous system
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What is the function of motor neurons
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Transmit action potentials from the central nervous system to the effectors
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How many types of motor neurons are there?
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2.
(somatic motor neurons and visceral motor neurons) |
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What are the two types of motor neurons
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Somatic and visceral motor neurons
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What is the function of somatic motor neurons
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Transmit action potentials from central nervous system to skeletal muscles and skin
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What is the function of visceral motor neurons
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Transmits action potentials from CNS to viscera, blood vessels, and glands.
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What does sensory neurons synapse with?
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Interneurons
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True or false. dendrites soma and axon of the neuron are all located in the CNS
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True
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Where are the dendrites and Soma of a motor neuron located
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Central nervous system
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The dendrites of a neuron function as what
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The receptive region of a neuron
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What part of a neuron along with dendrites serve as a receptive region
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Cell body
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What is the axon hillock
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Where the axon attaches to the cell body
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What is another name for the cell body
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Soma
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What is the function of an axon
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To generate in conduct action potentials
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What is the portion of the axon immediately distal to the axon hillock called
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Initial segment
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What is the plasma membrane of an axon called
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Axolemma
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the section of the neuron that form synapses with other neurons and effector cells is called what?
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Axon terminals
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What is a synapse
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The junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell
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The junction between two neurons or between a neuron and effector cell is called what
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Synapse
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What is a presynaptic neuron
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Neuron before a given synapse
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What do you call a neuron before a given synapse
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Presynaptic neuron
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What is a postsynaptic neuron
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Neuron after a given synapse
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What is a neuron after a given synapse
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Postsynaptic neuron
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How are neurotransmitters effects terminated
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Re-uptake through transport proteins, enzymatic degradation, or diffusion away from the synapse.
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How are nerves classified
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Functionally and structurally
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How are nerves classified functionally
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according to the direction their axons transmit action potentials
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How are nerves classified structurally
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According to whether they arise from the brain or the spinal cord
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What is the direction of impulse for motor nerves
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Central nervous system to effectors
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What type of nerve fibers are in motor nerves
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Motor axons
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What is direction of impulse in sensory nerves
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From Receptors to central nervous system
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What type of nerve fibers are in sensory nerves
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Sensory axons
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What is the direction of impulse in mixed nerves
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To and from central nervous system
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What type of nerve fibers are in mixed nerves
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Motor and sensory axons
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what nerves arise from the brain
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Cranial nerves
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how many nerves make up cranial nerves
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12 pairs
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cranial nerves serve what area of the body
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Cephalic, cervical regions and viscera
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What are the functions of cranial nerves
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Sensory, mixed, and motor.
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What nerves arise from the spinal cord via the fusion of the dorsal and ventral roots
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Spinal nerves
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How many spinal nerves are there
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31 pairs
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What body areas do the spinal nerves serve
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All regions of the body
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What is the function of spinal nerves
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All mixed
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Name the cranial nerves
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Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vargus, Accessory, and Hypoglossal Nerves
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How many motor nerves are in the brain
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5.
(Oculomotor, Trochlear, Abducens, Accessory, Hypoglossal) |
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How many sensory nerves are in the brain
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3.
(Olfactory, Optic, Vestibulocochlear) |
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How many mixed nerves does the brain have
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3.
(Trigeminal, Facial, Glossopharyngeal) |
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What are the motor nerves of the brain
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3 Oculomotor, 4 trochlear, 6 abducens, 11 accessory, 12 hypoglossal.
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What are the sensory nerves of the brain
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1 Olfactory, 2 Optic, 8 Vestibulocochlear nerves
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What nerves of the brain are mixed nerves
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5 Trigeminal, 7 Facial, 9 Glossopharyngeal nerves.
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Dorsal roots contain what type of axons
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Sensory axons
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Ventral roots contain what type of axons
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Motor axons
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Spinal nerves contain what type of axons
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sensory and motor axons
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How do spinal nerves penetrate the vertebral column
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Through intervertebral foramina
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What type of axons do Rami have
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Motor and sensory axons
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which Remi serves the skin and musculature of the posterior trunk at their proximal level of emergence
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Dorsal Rami
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What do you call the ventral rami of all other spinal nerves from complex network of nerves
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plexuses |
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What are plexuses
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Ventral rainy of all other spinal nerves from complex network of nerves
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What is the function of plexuses
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Serve the motor and sensory needs of the muscles and skin of the limbs
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Where is the phrenic nerve located
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Cervical plexus
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between what
Vertebrae are the cervical nerves located |
C1 thru c8
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Between what vertebrae are the thoracic nerves located
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T 1 through t12
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Between what vertebrae are the lumbar nerves located
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L1 through l5
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Between what vertebrae on the sacral nerves located
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s1 through s5
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Where is the cervical plexus located
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In the neck, deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
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What does the cervical plexus give rise to
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Nerves that innervate the skin and muscles of the neck and shoulder as well as certain areas of the head
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What is the single most important nerve
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Phrenic nerve
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What is the function of the phrenic nerve
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Innervates the diaphragm is the chief muscle of breathing
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Where's the brachial plexus located
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Extends from the neck into the auxiliary Reacher
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The branchial plexus primarily serves what part of the body
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Predominantly serves the upper limbs
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the funny bone is connected to what plexus
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Brachial plexus
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How did the lumbosacral plexus get it's name
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Because the lumbar plexus and sacral plexus interweave
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What does the term somatic refer to
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Skin and skeletal muscles
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Somatic motor neurons carry impulses from where
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Central nervous system
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Somatic motor neurons carry impulses from the central nervous system to where
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Skeletal muscles
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Somatic sensory neurons carry impulses to where?
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Central nervous system
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Somatic sensory neurons carry impulses to the central nervous system from where
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Exteroceptors and proprioceptors
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The term anatomic refers to what
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Viscera, blood vessels, and glands.
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Anatomic motor neurons carry impulses from where
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Central nervous system
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Anatomic motor neurons carry impulses from the central nervous system to where
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Smooth muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, and the grandular epithelium.
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Anatomic sensory neurons carry impulses to wear
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Central nervous system
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Anatomic sensory neurons carry impulses to the sensory nervous system from...?
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Interceptor
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What is the peripheral nervous system consist of
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Nerves and ganglia
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The nerves of the peripheral nervous system contain what
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Axons of sensory and or motor neurons
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Axons that carry impulses from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscle come from what Division?
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Somatic motor division
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Axons that carry impulses to the central nervous system from the interceptors come from what division
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Visceral sensory division
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Axons that carry impulses from the central nervous system to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular epithelium, come from what division?
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Visceral Motor Division
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Axons that carry impulses to the central nervous system from the exteroceptors and proprioceptors come from what division
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Somatic sensory division
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What is a reflex
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A quick automatic response to a stimulus that functions to maintain homeostasis
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What reflex involves skeletal muscle contraction
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Somatic reflexes
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What neurons do somatic reflexes involve
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Somatic sensory neurons, interneurons, somatic motor neurons.
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What does the withdrawal reflex do
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Protects us from serious cuts or burns by causing immediate withdrawal from a source of injury, even before we are aware of the pain
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Autonomic reflexes involve responses of....?
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Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glandular epithelium.
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What do autonomic reflexes involve
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Visceral sensory neurons, interneurons, and visceral motor neurons.
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What are baroreceptors
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Interceptors that monitor blood pressure
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What do baroreceptors detect
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Increase in blood pressure
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What is the visceral Motor Division of the peripheral nervous system called
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Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
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What is the autonomic nervous system(ANS)
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The visceral Motor Division of the peripheral nervous system
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what does the autonomic nervous system consist of
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Two neurons between the central nervous system and the effector.
( preganglionic neurons and the postganglionic neurons) |
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What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system
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Sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division
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what are parasympathetic ganglia called?
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Terminal ganglia
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Where are parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies located
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Brain and sacral region of the spinal cord
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Where are parasympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic axons located
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Cranial and spinal nerves
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The parasympathetic division is also known as the.....?
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Craniosacral division
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Where are the parasympathetic postganglionic cell bodies located
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Terminal ganglia
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Are parasympathetic preganglionic axons longer or shorter than postganglionic axons
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Longer
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The sympathetic division is also known as the....?
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Thracolumbar Division
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How many types of sympathetic ganglia are there
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2.
(sympathetic trunk ganglia, collateral ganglia) |
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Where are sympathetic trunk ganglia located
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Run vertically along both sides of the vertebral column
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Where are collateral ganglia located
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Anterior to the vertebral column close to major abdominal blood vessels
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When some sympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with the adrenal glands it stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete what hormones
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine
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Where are sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies located
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Thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
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Sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic axons are located only in what nerves
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Spinal nerves
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Where are sympathetic postganglionic cell bodies located
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Sympathetic trunk(chain) ganglia and collateral ganglia
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Are sympathetic preganglionic axons longer or shorter than postganglionic axons
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Shorter
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What do adrenal glands secrete
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine
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What division dominates when you're under physical stress? sympathetic division or parasympathetic division.
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Sympathetic division
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What division dominates in non stressful situations? parasympathetic division or sympathetic division.
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Parasympathetic division
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Where are proprioceptors found
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In musculoskeletal organs
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What do interoceptors do
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Monitor blood pressure
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A red hot burner on the stove would be considered an external stimulus or internal stimulus
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External stimulus
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Light, would be considered what type of stimulus? external or internal stimulus.
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External stimulus
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Increased blood CO2 would be considered what type of stimulus? external or internal.
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Internal
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The nerve cells that transmit action potentials within the central nervous system are functionally.....?
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Interneurons
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The nerve cells that transmit action potentials within the central nervous system are functionally interneurons and structurally......?
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Multipolar neurons
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Structurally what are all motor neurons
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Multipolar neurons
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The nerve cells that transmit action potentials from receptors are functionally....?
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Sensory neurons
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The nerve cells that transmit action potentials from receptors are functionally sensory neurons and structurally.....?
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unipolar neurons
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The nerve cells that transmit action potentials from central nervous system are functionally....?
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Motor neurons
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The nerve cells that transmit action potentials from central nervous system are functionally motor neurons and structurally.....?
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Multipolar neurons
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Nerve cells whose dendrites and cell bodies are in the central nervous system and whose axons are in the peripheral nervous system are functionally......?
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Motor neurons
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Nerve cells whose dendrites and cell bodies are in the central nervous system, and whose axons are in the peripheral nervous system, are functionally motor neurons and structurally.....?
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Multipolar neurons
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Structurally, what are sensory neurons?
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Unipolar neurons
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Structurally, what are interneurons and motor neurons?
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Multipolar neurons
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Nerve cells whose cell bodies are located in the dorsal root ganglia are functionally.....?
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Sensory neurons
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Nerve cells whose cell bodies are located in dorsal root ganglia, are functionally sensory neurons, and structurally.....?
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Unipolar neurons
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What cranial nerve has motor fibers that innervate the laryngeal muscles controlling the vocal cords?
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XI
(11, Accessory nerve) |
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what cranial nerve contain both sensory and motor fibers involved in autonomic reflexes
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X
(10, Vagus Nerve) |
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Oh, oh, oh, to touch and feel very green vegetables....ah!
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Olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal.
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What is the name of cranial nerve 1
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Olfactory nerve
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Is cranial nerve 1(olfactory) a sensory motor or mixed nerve
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Sensory
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What are the four major categories of organic compounds
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Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids,
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Remember three types of carbohydrates
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monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides.
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Give me three examples of monosaccharides
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Glucose, fructose, galactose,
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name three examples of disaccharides
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sacrose, lactose, maltose.
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name three examples of polysaccharides
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Glycogen, starch, cellulose.
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What are the three proteins
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Amino acids, dipeptide, polypeptide.
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What are examples of amino acids
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Cysteine, arginine, methonine, lysine, glycine.
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Examples of polypeptides
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Enzymes, antibodies
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what are the monomers of triglycerides
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Glycerol, fatty acids
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Three types of lipids
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Phospholipids, glycolipids, steroids
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Two examples of nucleic acids
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DNA and RNA
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What bonds amino acids
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Dipeptide
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What is cholesterol
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Steroids
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