A & P 1 Exam #2 Cells Organization Membrane Transport And Integumentary System

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Robert Hook 1663

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Empty cells of cork

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Schwann

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All animals made of cells

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Cell Types

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Cuboidal
Squamous
Columnar

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Cuboidal

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"dice shapped" w/ spherical nucleus
Glandular tissue
Function to secrete

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Squamous

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Flattened cells w/ oval nucleus
Epithelial tissue - skin and esophagus lining
Function to protect

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Columnar

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column shaped w/ ovoid nucleus
lines the intestine, trachea, bronchi
function to absorb

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Descriptive terms for cells

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simple
statified
ciliated

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simple

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one layer of cells

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stratified

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more than one layer of cells

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ciliated

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cell has hair-like projections to sweep or clean

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squamous

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adipose

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adipose labled

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anaphase - chromosomes begin to separate

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areolar connective tissue

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areolar connective tissue labeled

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nodular basal cell carcinoma

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superficial basal cell carcinoma

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ulcerated basel cell carcinoma

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Morphoeic basal cell carcinoma

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2nd degree burn partial thickness burn to palm of hand

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2nd degree burn "partial thickness", nylon jacket, no sign of infection

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3rd degree, severe burn, 3 days before treatment was sought, burn w/ infection

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burn classifications

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canalunli and lacunae

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cell division

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cell division 1

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cell types labeled

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cheek cells

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stereo ciliated columnar

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stereo ciliated columnar labeled

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columnar cells w goblet cell (produces mucus)

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columnar cells labeled

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columnar epithoidal cilliated cells with globlet cells

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cuboidal cells

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cuboidal cells labeled

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dense irreg

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dense reg

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elastic cartilage

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glandular acinar cells

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golgi apparatus

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hyaline cartilage labeled

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labeled osteon

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lamina propria transitional epitheleum

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early superficial spreading melanoma

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nodular melanoma

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nodule melanoma

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nodule in spreading melanoma

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melanocytes labeled

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metaphase -
chromosomes line up on equatorial plate of dividing cell

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nerve cell labeled

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nerve cell smear

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prophase -
chromosome condense
nuclear envelope disapears
centrioles divide and migrate to opposite poles of cell
spindle fibers form and attach to chromosomes

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reticular

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squamous cell carcinoma's that's yet to matasticize

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squamous cell carcinoma

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matasticized squamous cell carcinoma

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metastasized squamous cell carcinoma

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matasticized squamous cell carcinoma

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nodular systemic basal cell or melenoma

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simple cuboidal

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spongy bone

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squamous and cuboidal

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stratified columnar

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stratified squamous

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stratified squamous

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telophase -
chromosomes migrate to opposite poles
new nuclear envelope forms
chromosomes uncoil

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tendon

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cell membrane

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Semi-permeable outer covering of cell that defines boundaries.
Has a fluid structure made of phospholipids and proteins and has receptor sites for communication by chemical signals.

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microvilli

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1-2micrometers
major job: increase surface area.
Found on cells specialized for absorption.
Brush border or fringe on some cells.

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Cilia (Stereo Cilia)

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Hairlike processes about 7-10 micrometers.
Move mucus thru respiratory tract or move egg cells thru Fallopian tube

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Flagellum

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Long whip-like structure like the tail of a sperm

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Cytoplasm

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contents of the cell between the plasm membrane and the nuclear envelope

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Cytosol

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Clear, gelatinous substance which holds the organelles, cytoskeleton and inclusions

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Nucleus

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Largest organelle
surrounded by nuclear envelope
Houses DNA

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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system of interconnected channels called "cisternae"
Rough ER: covered w ribosomes, flattened sacs
Smooth ER: lacks ribosomes, more tubular shaped

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Rough ER:

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Covered w/ ribosomes, flattened sacs
Produce phospholipids & proteins of the plasma membrane
Synthesizes proteins

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Smooth ER:

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More tubular shaped & lacks ribosomes
Synthesises steroids, lipids
Detoxifies alcohol & other drugs
Manufactures all of the membranes of the cell

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Ribosomes

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Reads genetic mesages from nucleus
Assembles acids into proteins

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Golgi Complex - Golgi Apparatus

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Small sys of cisternae
Synthesize carbohydrates
Finish protein and glycoprotein synthesis
Resembles a stack of pita bread
Sorts, cuts, splices proteins and adds carbohydrates to some
Packages proteins

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Peroxisomes

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neutralize free radicals
Detoxifies alcohol & other drugs
Kills bacteria
Breaks down fatty acids

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Mitochondria

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Energy extracted from organic compounds and transferred to ATP
"Powerhouse of Cell"

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Centrioles

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2 are located in centrosome
Assembly of microtubules
Play roll in cell division

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Cytoskeleton

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protein filaments
Determine shape of cell
Structural shape of cell
Structural support
Move and organize contents of cell

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Inclusions (Vacules)

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Stored cellular products: glycogen, pigments & fat droplets.
Foreign bodies: Dust, Viruses & bacteria

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Cell Cycle

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sequence of events from one cellular division to another.
Interphase
Mitosis
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

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Interphase

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G1: RNA, protein & other molecules are synthesized
S: DNA is replicated, chromosomes become double stranded
G2: mitochandria divide, precursors of spindle fibers are synthesized

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Mitosis

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2nd part of cell cycle
4 parts: PMAT
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telephase

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Cytokenesis

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3rd part of cell cycle:
Cleavage furrow forms and deepens
Cytoplasm divides (cellular division)

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Significance of cell cycle

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essential in multicellular organisms
Some cells retain their capacity to divide: (ie: Bone marroe, epidermis,..)
Some cells do not divide after adulthood (ie: most cells of nervous sys)

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Life span of cells (Hayflick limit)

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Cells undergo a finite number of mitotic divisions

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Aging disorders

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Progeny- usually die by 14yrs
Werner Syndrom - usually die between 45-50