A/p 1: 1 - Chemistry And The Cell

Front 1

List the Hierachal Design of the Organization of Living Matter

Back 1

Chemical Level
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Ogran Systems
Organism

Front 2

A molecule is a combination of two or more:

compound substances
atoms
protiens
chemicals

Back 2

atoms

Front 3

Name the 4 basic tissue types of the body

Back 3

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

Front 4

Two or more tissue types, organized to perform one or more particular functions result in

Back 4

Organs

Front 5

The smallest living entity, formed from groups of inanimate chemical molecules

Back 5

Cell

Front 6

Groups of cells together form

Back 6

Tissue

Front 7

Two or more organs working in concert to provide a specific function of group of functions

Back 7

Organ System

Front 8

Combination of organ system culminating in a living, breathing, feeding, reproducing ____________

Back 8

Organism

Front 9

Name the 9 different Organ Systems

Back 9

Skeletal
Muscular
Integumentary
Nervous
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Genital

Front 10

The various bones, joints and junctions comprise this organ system that provides the framework that supports and protects soft tissues

Back 10

Skeletal

Front 11

The organ system that provides for the locomotion of the skeletal system, and provides heat to the body.

Back 11

Muscular

Front 12

The organ system that consists of the brain, spinal cord and nerves. Provides the ability to communicate with ourselves.

Back 12

Nervous

Front 13

The orgran system that consists of the heart, blood vessels, lymphatics and blood. It is the transport system of the body carrying ntrients, oxygen, CO2, water and waste.

Back 13

Cardiovascular

Front 14

The organ system consisting of a series of passageways that lead from the openings of the mouth and nose into a highly branched network of increasingly smaller tubes whose primary functions are to exchange the important gases of the blood and allow for the production of sound from the larynx

Back 14

Respiratory

Front 15

The organ system that consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, anus and the associated glandular structures such as the liver and pancreas

Back 15

Digestive

Front 16

The organ system that consists of the kidneys, ureter, bladder and urethra

Back 16

Urinary

Front 17

The organ system that consists of the organs of reproduction: the tests, ovaries and associated tubular passageways

Back 17

Genital

Front 18

All matter is made up of tiny particles called _____________

Back 18

Atoms

Front 19

The positively charged core of an atom is called the ____________

Back 19

Nucleus

Front 20

The negatively charged outer region of an atom is called the ____________ ____________

Back 20

Electron Cloud

Front 21

The nucleus of an atom is made of two particles

Back 21

Protons
Neutrons

Front 22

If atoms gain or lose electrons so that the electron cloud has either more or less electrons than the nucleus, the resulting particle is called an _______________

Back 22

Ion

Front 23

Postively charged ions

Back 23

Cations

Front 24

Negatively charged ions

Back 24

Anions

Front 25

Current conducting ions in a solution are called _______________

Back 25

Electrolytes

Front 26

Organic molecules are generally those molecules that contain what kind of atoms

Back 26

Carbon

Front 27

Most molecules that contain carbon atoms are considered to be _______________ molecules

Back 27

Organic

Front 28

Name the three types of Organic Molecules of the human body

Back 28

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Protiens

Front 29

The most abundant biological molecules, made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen that include sugar, starch and cellulose

Back 29

Carbohydrates

Front 30

Another word for Lipids

Back 30

Adipose

Front 31

Another word for adipose when referring to molecules

Back 31

Lipids

Front 32

Molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. But have less oxygen than carbohydrates, and are insoluable in water

Back 32

Lipids

Front 33

Fatty, oily or greasy compounds

Back 33

Lipids

Front 34

Molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. These are the most abundant and diverse molecules in the human body

Back 34

Protiens

Front 35

Molecules that generally do not contain carbon atoms are classified as ______________ ____________

Back 35

Inorganic Molecules

Front 36

The sum total of all chemical reactions taking place in the human body is known as ___________________

Back 36

Metabolism

Front 37

The type of chemical reaction wherein bonds of a larger molecule are broken down to produce two or more smaller substances. Also known as Catabolic reactions

Back 37

Decomposition

Front 38

The type of chemical reaction wherein bonds of a larger molecule are broken down to produce two or more smaller substances. Also known as Decomposition reactions

Back 38

Catabolic

Front 39

The type of chemical reaction wherein new chemical bonds are created to join together two or more atoms or small molecules into a single larger molecule. Also known as Anabolic reactions

Back 39

Synthesis

Front 40

The type of chemical reaction wherein new chemical bonds are created to join together two or more atoms or small molecules into a single larger molecule. Also known as Synthesis reactions

Back 40

Anabolic

Front 41

The type of chemical reaction wherein chemical bonds are broken and made as parts of the reactants are shuffled around to form new products.

Back 41

Exchange

Front 42

The type of chemical reaction involving both catabolic and anabolic reactions

Back 42

Exchange

Front 43

The type of chemical reactions that may involve decomposition, synthesis and/or echange in order to release energy

Back 43

Oxidation-reduction

Front 44

List the three structural features in common with all cells

Back 44

1) A cell or plasma membrane that forms an outer envelope of the cell.
2) A nucleus that serves as the control or command center of the cell
3) The cytoplasm, which is the internal watery fluid (cytosol) of the cell and the organelles and cytoskeletal scaffolding

Front 45

Name the outer envelope of the cell

Back 45

Cell or Plasma Membrane

Front 46

Phospholipid molecules align themselves into a ___________ _______, which constitutes the main structural component of the plasma membrane

Back 46

lipid bilayer

Front 47

List 4 general functions of the Cell Membrane

Back 47

Mechanical Barrier
Selective Gate Keeper
Chemical Receptor Sites
Identify Self from Non-self for immune function

Front 48

Name the two components of a Selective Gate Keeper

Back 48

Channels
Carrier Molecules

Front 49

Describe the Channels of the Selective Gate Keepers

Back 49

Small, water filled pathways across the lipid bilayer that are highly selective and let small particles such as ions, easily move across the membrane.

Front 50

Describe the Carrier Molecules of the Selective Gate Keepers

Back 50

Protiens in the cell membrane that transfer specific substances across the membrane that are not able to move themselves. They can only transfer a specific type or closely related molecules.

Front 51

Describe Chemical Receptor Sites

Back 51

Protiens on the outer surface of the membrane that recognize and bind with specific substances in the fluids surrounding the cell. These protiens and substances fit together in a "Lock & Key" fashion.

Front 52

Carrier molecules work within the ___________ of the cell membrane

Back 52

Channels

Front 53

Certain proteins in the membrane signal to body immune cells, that the cell belongs to the body and should not be attacked. This general function of a cell is referred to as

Back 53

Identify self from non self for immune function

Front 54

Typically the largest single organized cellular component is called the _________________

Back 54

Nucleus

Front 55

Name two functions of the cell nucleus

Back 55

1) Directs Protein Synthesis
2) Stores cell DNA

Front 56

The double membrane barrier of the nucleus made up of a phospholipid bilayer similar to that of the cell membrane

Back 56

Nuclear Envelope

Front 57

List the seven primary components and organelles of the Cytoplasm

Back 57

Cytosol
Nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Complex
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Mirochondria

Front 58

The portion of the cell that is interior to the membrane, not occupied by the nucleus is called the ____________________

Back 58

Cytoplasm

Front 59

Complex, gel-like mass containing enzymes, ribosoomes, transport vesicles and varous filaments and microtubules

Back 59

Cytosol

Front 60

Name the two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 60

Smooth ER
Rough ER

Front 61

An elaborate fluid filled membranous system distributed extensively throughout the cytosol that functions primarily as a protien manufacturing factory

Back 61

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Front 62

The Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Ribosomes and Mitochondria are collectively referred to as _______________ ____________

Back 62

Membranous Organelles

Front 63

Sets of flattened, slightly curved, membrane-enclosed sacs stacked in layers, like plates that are responsible for packaging proteins for transport

Back 63

Golgi Complex

Front 64

Membrane enclosed sacs that contain hydrolytic enzymes capable of digesting unwanted cellular debris and foreign material like a "recycling center"

Back 64

Lysosomes

Front 65

Membrane enclosed sacs that contain oxidative enzymes that strip hydrogen from specific organic molecules resulting in a detoxification of the cell

Back 65

Peroxisomes

Front 66

Organelles that extract energy from nutrients in food.

Back 66

Mitochondria

Front 67

Numerous small hairlike projections on the surface of the cell which beat, or storke in unison to move material along the outside of the cell membrane

Back 67

Cilia

Front 68

Complexes of microtubules covered by athe plasma membrane that is able to propel the cell through its environment

Back 68

Flagella

Front 69

Slender, long, hollow, unbranched tubes that are the largest of the cytoskeletal elements

Back 69

Micotubules

Front 70

List three functions of microtubules

Back 70

1) Transport of secretory vesicles from one region of the cell to another
2) Movement of specialized cell projections such as cilia and flagella
3) Distribution of chromosomes during cell division through formation of mitotic spindles

Front 71

Uniform spreading out of molecules due to their random intermingling is known as

Back 71

Diffusion

Front 72

Name two types of Molecular Movement across cell membranes

Back 72

Passive Movements
Active Movements

Front 73

When a greater number of molecules that can penetrate the cell membrane exists on one side versus the other, the molecules in the side of higher concentration will move to the side of lower concentration. This is called ___________ ________ __________ ________

Back 73

Diffusion Along Concentration Gradients

Front 74

Diffusion along concentration gradients that involves water is called ____________

Back 74

Osmosis

Front 75

Name the type of transport that requires special protiens in the membrane to transport small water soluble molecules across the membrane

Back 75

Carrier Mediated

Front 76

Name the two types of Vesicular Transport

Back 76

Endocytosis
Exocytosis

Front 77

Name the type of transport that involves the movement of larger molecules and multimolecular particles (hormones, etc) across the cell membrane

Back 77

Vesicular

Front 78

The set of reactions that convert glucose molecules into pyruvate molecules. It occurs in the cytosol of the cell - not the mitochondria

Back 78

Glycolysis

Front 79

List four attributes of Glycolysis

Back 79

1) Occurs within the cytosol of the cell
2) Can occur without the presence of oxygen
3) Produces only 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule
4) Degrades glucose to produce ATP aqnd provides building blocks for the cell

Front 80

List two other names for Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

Back 80

Kreb's
Citric Acid

Front 81

List two other names for Kreb's Cycle

Back 81

Tricarboxylic Acid
Citric Acid

Front 82

List two other names for Citric Acid Cycle

Back 82

Tricarboxylic Acid
Kreb's

Front 83

Name the molecule that is the body's "gasoline", which drives most cellular processes

Back 83

Adenosine Triphosphate
(ATP)

Front 84

List four attributes of Tricarboxylic Acid, Kreb's or Citric Acid Cycle

Back 84

1) Occurs within Mitochondria of the cell
2) Requires oxygen to proceed
3) More efficient than Glycolysis - produces 36 ATP molecules per glucose molecule
4) Serves as a source of building blocks for biosynthesis

Front 85

Energy production that occurs in the presence of oxygen

Back 85

Aerobic

Front 86

Energy production that occurs in the absence of oxygen

Back 86

Anaerobic