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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is information? |
Information is data which has been processed by the computer. |
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Why do we code data? (6 reasons) |
1. Less effort and time 2. Less storage space 3. More data can appear on screen (4. Less typing so reduces chance of RSI) 5. Can reduce errors 6. Information is faster to search
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What are the problems with coding? (3 reasons) |
1. Data can be less accurate 2. The system may not offer an appropriate range of answers 3. It is reliant on judgement |
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What is verification? |
Checking that data has been copied from one medium to another correctly |
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What is the role of a format check, a table lookup and a check digit? |
Format check - Checks the field fits into a certain format
Table Lookup - Checks the input from a preset list
Check digit - Checks the numbers preceding it |
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What is data? |
Data is raw facts and figures. |
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What is knowledge? |
Knowledge is dervied from information by applying rules to it. |
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Illustrate the relationship between data, information and knowledge? |
Data is raw facts and figures. Eg. 1:04, 2:35, 3:56. Information is data which has been processed by the computer. Eg. 1:04, 2:35, 3:56 are runners times. Knowledge is dervied from information by applying rules to it. The 1:04 runner came 1st, the 2:35 runner came 2nd and the 3:56 runner came 3rd, therefore last.
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How can information aid to decision making? (3) |
Monitoring progress - A supermarket records the speed and quality of input of a shop assistant at a busy period. If they are doing madly they will be noted. Targeting resources - It is better for a company selling high performance cars to get a list of current owners from an insurance company rather than waste money sending flyers to everyone. Gaining competitive advantage - If a company has done an accurate demographic survey then they are in better position to decide on whether they will open a new store or not.
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How could money, time and human resources costs arise? (3) |
Data collection - Companies have to give prizes to get people to return questionnaires or they can purchase information of other companies Data entry - If data is keyed in, this takes time and staff have to be paid to do it or purchase OMR equipment Data processing - Hardware and software need to be purchased to turn the data collected into information |
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Give an example of a problem that could arise if information is not: 1) Complete 2) Up to date |
1) Complete - An incomplete order may result in non delivery of some items 2) Up to date - Letters sent to deceased people causing great heartache |
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What are the costs involved with good quality information, other than financial costs? (4) |
Time and human resources. The time consuming nature and the specialist staff requirements. |
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How can accurate, up to date and complete information improve a company's performance? Give examples. (3) |
1) Aids decision making - Decision-making is based on information that is available at the time and if it is out of date or incomplete then this can have a bad effect on the company. Eg. if a company is making so much money in Area A that it is worth building another store. 2) Monitoring Progress - Information obtained by market research and sales figures can help achieve this. Eg. supermarkets check on the speed and accuracy of till assistants and can decide then to reward or reprimand them. |
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Other than data collection, how can good quality information be obtained? (2) |
1) Data entry - Eg. new staff have to be employed to type in the results of the data collection and training needs for the staff to enter the data into the system. 2) Data processing - Eg. new software and hardware has to be written/ purchased to allow the results to be obtained before the data gets out of date. |
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Why must data in a school system be kept up to date? (2x2) |
1) Letters to parents might not be received and the school can't contact parents in an emergency. 2) Pupil's medical problems might change and school needs the latest information to be able to deal with it properly. |
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What are the costs with having up to date data in a school system? (2x2) |
1) Financial costs - Cost of posting letters to parents on an annual basis to check whether their data is correct. 2) Time costs - Time taken to enter the data and time to check the data on the school system. |
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What is meant by the term accurate data? |
Accurate data is data that is correct. |
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What is the difference between validity and accuracy? Give an example. |
Data may be in any range but its format may not be correct. Eg. A customer fills in DOB with 05/06/84 but the clerk types in 06/05/84. Both would pass the range check but it is not the accurate DOB. |
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How can good quality information help aid the decision making progress? (2 examples) |
1) Decision-making is based on information that is available at the time and if it is out of date or incomplete then this can have a bad effect on the company. Eg. if a company is making so much money in Area A that it is worth building another store. 2) Can spot trends - Analyse sales data and realise when something is out of fashion. Eg sales of recorders. |
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Describe four characteristics of good quality information, other than accuracy. |
1) Up to date - Information changes with time and without a date information may not be useful. Eg. using an old mailing list might end up sending letters to the dead. 2) Complete - Has to include all of the information. Eg. a missing postcode will delay delivery of items. 3) Relevant - Data has to be related to the task that you are trying to investigate. Eg. it is no good collecting ice cream slaes in Alaska in the winter if you want to open an ice cream parlour in California. |
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How could a student use electronic sources to find information? (3 types, 3 advantages) |
1) The internet with key word searches - up to date information 2) Email experts/ teachers - books may not be available and email could give a faster response 3) Forums - reach a wider audience of experts |
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Describe 4 characteristics of good quality information |
1) Accurate - Error free and is correct information 2) Up to date - Information should not be a reflection of an earlier state of affairs 3) Relevant - Information should not be included if it has no bearing on the user's needs 4) Complete - Information should include all the data that is needed to make a decision. |
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How could verification be used with online banking? (Type and explanation) |
Double keying should be used because this this when information is entered twice and then it is compared with each other. Eg. when a user sets up their account they should enter their password twice in case they have entered their password incorrectly. |
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How could validation be used with online banking? (Type and explanation) |
A range check could be used to check that the information entered is within a 2 specified value. Eg. a range check could be used to ensure that the person is over 18. |
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How can data be improved by validation techniques? (3x3) |
1) Presence check - requires that a value is entered and it cannot be processed until something has been entered. 2) Range check - The data must be a value that falls between 2 numbers. Eg 01/01/14 to 01/01/15/ 3) Date Type - Checks to see if the data is a certain type. Eg 7 is a number. |
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What are the 2 ways of using the verification method? |
1) Proof reading - Re-red what you have wrote before you submit it. 2) Double entry - Having to re-write you account number etc |
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What are the validation methods? (6) |
1) Data type checks 2) Presence checks 3) Length checks 4) Format checks 5) Table lookups 6) Check digit |
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What are the verification methods? (3) |
1) Double entry 2) Proof reading 3) Visual check |
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What are the physical hazards of using computers and how can they be prevented? (3) |
1) RSI when muscles are performing the same action over and over again - use an ergonomic comptuer 2) Eye strain when you continuously stare at a screen - take regular breaks 3) Backache when you sit crouched over a computer screen - have a 5 point adjustable chair |
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How has ICT given criminals new tools to commit crimes? (3x3) |
1) Computer fraud - Computers have allowed criminals to go and collect information on cashpoint cards and then transfer this information onto blank cards and obtain money/ credit. 2) Blackmail - Criminals hacking into computer system and obtaining a lot of information, with which they can use to blackmail people. 3) Copying protected software/ music - this may be illegal and can result in a jail sentence |
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Who is the data subject? |
The person who is having data stored about them. |
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Who is the data processor? |
The person who processes the data on behalf of the data controller. |
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Who is the data controller? |
The person who is responsible that the Data Protection Act is being followed correctly (all 8 principles) |
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Who is the data commissioner? |
The person who is responsible for making sure that the company is storing the data correctly. |
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How has the Computer Misuse Act tried to alleviate the use of information for criminal purposes? |
Eg. hacking and blackmailing. It is backed up with fines and a prison sentence (differing scales) |
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How has the Copyright Act tried to alleviate the use of information for criminal purposes? |
It tries to stop people from copying software, but people can still do it. It is backed up by fines or a jail sentence. |
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How has the Computer Misuse Act tried to alleviate the use of information for criminal purposes in a bank? (2x2) |
1) Hacking into a person's bank account and transfering the money somewhere else 2) Creating a virus which attacks the bank computer so that the user cannot access their account. |
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How can online banking be backed up to prevent loss of data? (3 places) |
1) Stored off site 2) Stored in a fireproof safe 3) Use of write protection |
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What are the 8 principles of the Data Protection Act? |
Purpose intended EU only Relevant and adequate Secure O(in accordance with) Own rights Not kept longer than necessary Accurate Legally obtained and processed |
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What is the difference between personal and sensitive data? |
Personal - Name, address, medial details, bank etc Sensitive - Ethnic origin, political opinions, health ect. Things that you potentially don't want people to know about you as it will change their opinion of you. |
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What are the Data Protection Act exemptions? (4) |
1) Data held for national security reasons 2) Data held for domestic purposes 3) Data used for mailing lists 4) Data used for calculations of wages |
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What rights do the data subjects have? (4) |
1) To see data being held about them 2) To be compensated for financial loss 3) To be compensated for injury caused incorrect data 4) To have data corrected/ deleted |
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What are the practice procedures that a company should have? (2x2) |
1) Employees should have regular breaks - to reduce chances of RSI 2) Employees should have training to use the software - to reduce stress
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What are the design features that a company should have? (2x2) |
1) The workstation should be big enough - to reduce stress 2) Should have a 5 point adjustable chair - to reduce backache |
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What are the design features of a software that a company should have? (2x2) |
1) The software should have appropriate fonts and sizes - to reduce stress 2) The employees should have received training - to reduce stress |
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How has the Copyright Act tried to alleviate the use of information for criminal purposes? |
The copyright act tries to stop people from copying software, but people can still do it. It is baked up by a jail sentence (varied in length). |
