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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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abolitionists
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people who worked to end slavery
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stockade
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tract of land surrounded by a fence, posts, or stakes; a pen
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schooner
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sailing vessel
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mutiny
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a rebellion against authority, especially when sailors or soldiers rebel against their leaders
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Amistad
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Spanish-owned sailing vessel that transported illegally acquired slaves; ship aboard which Joseph Cinque led fellow Africans in a successful mutiny against their Spanish captors
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Supreme Court Amistad Decision
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1841, the Supreme Court upheld a lower court's decision to free the Amistad Africans
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Joseph Cinque
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AKA Sengbe Pieh - leader of the Africans aboard the Amistad
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Jose Ruiz and Pedro Montes
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Spanish men who bought Africans in the Cuban slave market and placed them on the Amistad. These men's lives were spared during the Amistad mutiny, and they later demanded that the Africans be returned to them.
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President Martin Van Buren
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President who wanted the Amistad Africans returned to Cuba to avoid tensions with southern slaveholders
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John Quincy Adams
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congressman and former United States president who argues in defense of the Amistad Africans before the Supreme Court
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Sierra Leone
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Native home of some of the abducted Africans, including Joseph Cinque
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Cuba
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Spanish colony to which the abducted Africans were taken and sold in the illegal slave market. The Amistad mutiny occurred off the coast of Cuba
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Connecticut
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state in which the Amistad Africans were imprisoned and tried in court
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eminent
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outstanding
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nullify
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to refuse to acknowledge a law
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secession
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the act of leaving the Union
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Unionists
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people who support slavery but don't want to leave the Union
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compromise
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agreement between two people or parties that disagree
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eloquently
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with an impressive, persuasive way of speaking
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Compromise of 1850
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series of bills passed by Congress to settle tensions between the North and South about slavery in new territories and the new state of California. The compromise included a strong fugitive slave law
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Fugitive slave law
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law that required free states to return escaped slaves to their owners
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debate
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a discussion of opposing ideas
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judicature
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court of law
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John C Calhoun
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persuasive South Carolina senator who defended states' rights, especially the South's right to own slaves and the right of a state to secede from the Union
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Cassius Marcellus Clay
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brother of Henry Clay whose strong antislavery views caused
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Henry Clay
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senator from Kentucky who was known for his ability to establish compromises, such as the Compromise of 1850, in order to settle disagreements between the North and South
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Daniel Webster
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senator from MA whose persuasive speech helped the Compromise of 1850 become law. Though against slavery, Webster voted for the compromise, which strengthened the fugitive slave law, because he believed the preservation of the Union was at stake
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land speculation
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buying land in order to sell it later at a much higher price
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transcontinental
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across the continent
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emancipation
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freedom from slavery
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Missouri Compromise
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law passed in 1820 that balanced the entrance of Missouri as a slave state with Maine as a free state and prohibited slavery in the Louisiana territory
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
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act that divided the Nebraska territory into two regions, ended the Missouri Compromise ban on slavery and instituted popular sovereignty
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popular sovereignty
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the right of the people living in a territory to decide by vote whether slavery would be allowed by law in their state
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abolitionists
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individuals who wanted slavery ended immediately
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Republican Party
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new political party against the spread of slavery in the West
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Free-Soilers
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antislavery settlers
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guerilla war
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irregular warfare by independent fighters
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Stephen Douglas
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Illinois senator responsible for the Kansas-Nebraska Act
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John Brown
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violent abolitionist from Kansas who murdered proslavery settlers and raided Harpers Ferry, VA, and towns in Kansas and Nebraska
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Charles Sumner
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MA senator and outspoken abolitionist who was attacked and nearly killed in the senate
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Preston Brooks
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SC proslavery representative who attacked and almost killed Senator Charles Sumner with a cane
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Abraham Lincoln
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believed that slavery should not spread into the new territories; debated Stephen Douglas over the issues of slavery, the preservation of the Union, and the Kansas-Nebraska Act in their campaign for a Senate seat
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Nebraska territory
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land left from the Louisiana Purchase that included the present states of Kansas and Nebraska
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Bleeding Kansas
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name given to Kansas because of the violence there over slavery Lawrence, Kansas - site of a proslavery mob attack on an antislavery settlement
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Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas
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site of a violent massacre against settlers carried out by John Brown, his sons, and other followers
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renowned
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highly honored
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Dred Scott v Sanford
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1857 Supreme Court decision that denied citizenship to blacks, declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, and became one of the events that led to the Civil War
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appeal
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to take a court case to a higher court if not satisfied with the decision of a lower court
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states' rights
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policy of strong state governments and a weak federal government
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Supreme Court opinion
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an explanation for each Supreme Court decision written by the justices
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dissenting
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having a different opinion
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James Buchanan
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president of the US from 1857 to 1861 who could not solve the slavery crisis that divided the country
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Roger B. Taney
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Chief Justice of the Supreme Court during the Dred Scott case
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Dred Scott
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slave who sued for his freedom on the grounds that he had lived for five years in a free state or territory
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Who was Joseph Cinque?
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Joseph Cinque led the mutiny that enabled the Africans to take over the Amistad.
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Why did the abolitionists help the Amistad Africans?
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The abolitionists wanted to get rid of slavery so they supported and helped defend the Amistad Africans.
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How did the Spanish government want the Amistad incident handled and why?
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The Spanish government wanted the Amistad Africans returned to Cuba. The Amistad was a Spanish ship, and Spain did not want the United States to interfere with its affairs or the affairs of Cuba, which was a Spanish colony.
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How did President Martin Van Buren want the Amistad incident handled and why?
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President Van Buren wanted the Amistad Africans returned to Cuba. He knew that Southern slaveholders would be angry if the Africans were freed. Van Buren was running for re-election and wanted these southerners to vote for him in the election.
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Why were the Amistad Africans freed?
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The Supreme Court agreed with the Connecticut court, which stated that the Africans had been illegally taken from their homes. They were free men, not slaves or someone's property.
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How did the Supreme Court's ruling in the Amistad case affect slavery in the United States?
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The ruling did not affect the practice of slavery because it related to the slave trade, which was illegal, not slavery itself, which was legal in the United States.
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Explain John C. Calhoun's position on slavery.
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Calhoun called slavery a "positive good." He thought that slavery was good for the slave masters, as well as the slaves themselves. Calhoun wanted slavery to continue.
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Why did John C. Calhoun believe states had the right to leave the Union?
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Calhoun believed in states' rights, which meant that individual states were more powerful than the federal government. Calhoun believed that if a state disagreed with the federal government strongly enough, it could leave the Union.
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How did the Compromise of 1850 support the North? How did it support the South?
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North: abolish slave trade in the District of Columbia and allow California to enter as a free state. South: strengthened fugitive slave law and by not mentioning the slavery issue with regard to the territories of New Mexico and Utah.
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What did Henry Clay try to accomplish by introducing the Compromise of 1850? Did he succeed?
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Henry Clay introduced the Compromise of 1850 to try to quiet the slavery issue that was pulling the Union apart. Clay hoped that the Compromise would please northerners who opposed slavery and southerners who supported slavery. The Compromise of 1850 did not quiet the slavery issue, but it kept the Union together for another 10 years.
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Why did Daniel Webster vote for the Compromise of 1850?
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Webster didn't agree with everything in the Compromise of 1850, but he voted for it in order to avoid war. He felt that having a civil war would e worse than having slavery in the country.
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Why were many people upset when Daniel Webster voted in favor of the Compromise of 1850?
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The Compromise of 1850 strengthened the fugitive slave law. People who were against slavery knew that Daniel Webster always voted against slavery. They were upset that he voted for a law that gave more power to slave owners.
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What was popular sovereignty?
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The right of residents to decide whether their territory would enter the Union as a slave state or free state.
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Why did the Republican Party begin?
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To oppose the spread of slavery in the western territories.
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What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
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Stephen Douglas's bill that did away with the Missouri Compromise and introduced popular sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska territory.
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What did Preston Brooks do?
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He was a representative from South Carolina who almost caned to death the antislavery Senator Charles Sumner in the Senate.
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Who was John Brown?
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Abolitionist who led his followers to kidnap and murder five proslavery settlers in Kansas.
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Why was Kansas called "Bleeding Kansas"?
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Proslavery people fought antislavery people in a civil war in the territory.
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On what grounds did Dred Scott go to court to sue for his freedom?
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On the grounds that he should be free because he had lived in a free state.
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Who wrote that blacks had no right to citizenship?
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Chief Justice Roger Taney in the Supreme Court decision in the case of Dred Scott v. Sandford.
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What declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional?
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The Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford
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How did the Dred Scott case make the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional?
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The Supreme Court ruled in the Dred Scott case that slaves were property. The Fifth Amendment to the Constitution protects property. Therefore, the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional because it didn't respect the slave owners' property.
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Who was Dred Scott?
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Slave who sued for his freedom in court on the grounds that he had lived in a free state.
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Who was Roger Taney?
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Chief justice of the Supreme Court during the Dred Scott case.
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Describe Ellen and William Craft's escape from slavery in Georgia.
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Ellen Craft, who was fair-skinned, pretended to be an injured white man. Her husband, William Craft, pretended to be the injured man's slave. Together they traveled by boat and train from the deep South to freedom in the North.
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What was the Underground Railroad?
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A secretive, loosely organized system for helping runaway slaves escape to northern free states and Canada, the western territories, Mexico, or the Caribbean.
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Describe how the Underground railroad worked.
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The Underground Railroad consisted of specific pathways and waterways of escape, as well as volunteers, both black and white, who helped guide and shelter the fugitive slaves.
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When was the Underground Railroad most active?
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In the decades just before the Civil war, especially between 1840 and 1860.
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Why were Oberlin citizens arrested?
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They helped John Price escape from slave catchers, thus breaking the fugitive slave law. Many of the Oberlin citizens were arrested, because according to the fugitive slave law, citizens in the free states were required to help the slave catchers, not oppose them.
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How did the Oberlin citizens help John Price?
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Slave catchers captured John Price and planned to return him to slavery. A group of Oberlin citizens went to the hotel where Price had been taken, recaptured Price, and sent him to Canada.
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