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260 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
[Vb. Dict] つもりだ
つもりだ<br>to intend to
[Vb. Dict] はずだ
はずだ<br>to be supposed or expected to (do); be sure to (do); ought to (do)
[Vb. Dict] だろう
だろう<br>probably [do]
[Vb. Dict] かも知れない
かもしれない<br>may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly [do]
[Vb. Dict] に違いない
に{ちがい|たがい}ない<br>I am sure; no doubt that; must; must have (done)
[Vb. Dict] の
の<br>verb and adjective nominalizer (nominaliser); ~ ing; to ~; that ~.
[Vb. Dict] こと
こと<br>~ ing; to ~; that ~.
[Vb. Dict] こと が できる
ことができる<br>can (do); to be able to (do)
[Vb. Dict] こと が ある
こと が ある<br>(something) has occurred; there are times when; to have done (something); such a thing happened; (something) happens on occasions
[Vb. Dict] こと に する
こと に する<br>to decide to ~
[Vb. Dict] こと に なる
こと に なる<br>It will be decided that ~
[Vb. Dict] ところだ
ところだ<br>to be just about to ~
[Vb. Dict] ほう が [Vb. Dict] より
[Vb. Dict] ほう が [Vb. Dict] より<br>do ~ than do ~ [expresses a comparison between two actions]
[Vb. Dict] かわり に
かわり に<br>instead of ~; to make up for ~.
[Vb. Dict] まえに
まえに<br>before ~
[Vb. Dict] まで
まで<br>until; till doing; as far as ~
[Vb. Dict] まで に
まで に<br>by the time ~; before ~
[Vb. Dict] のに
のに<br>(in order) to ~; for the purpose of ~
[Vb. Dict] のに #2
のに<br>although ~ ; in spite of the fact that; and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless; for all that; notwithstanding that
[Vb. Dict] と
と<br>if ~ ; when ~
[Vb. Dict] (の)なら
(の)なら<br>if ~ ; if it is the case that ~ (の is added to nominalise the verb)
[Interrogative + (Particle) + Vb. Dict] か
か<br>(I don't know/can't tell) when, what, etc [expresses a question embedded in a sentence - i.e. I can't tell <span style="font-style:italic;">what will happen]</span>
[Vb. Dict] かどうか
かどうか<br>whether or not (in phrases like "I don't know whether or not I can come")
[Vb. Dict] ように
ように<br>in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as to ~ )
[Vb. Dict] ように言う
ように言う<br>to tell (somebody) to (do something)
[Vb. Dict] ようになる
ようになる<br>to reach the point that; to come to be that
to reach the point that; to come to be that
[Vb. Dict] ようになる<br>ようになる
[Vb. Dict] ようにする
ようにする<br>(following a verb) to be sure to; to do (something) so that ...; to make sure to; to make sure that; to try to
(following a verb) to be sure to; to do (something) so that ...; to make sure to; to make sure that; to try to
[Vb. Dict] ようにする<br>ようにする
[Vb. Dict] から
から<br>because ~; since ~; as ~
because ~; since ~; as ~
[Vb. Dict] から<br>から
[Vb. Dict] ので
ので<br>that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ....; since ~; that being so.
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ....; since ~; that being so.
[Vb. Dict] ので<br>ので
[Vb. Dict] と言う
[Vb. Dict] という<br>(He) says that ~
(He) says that ~
[Vb. Dict] と言う<br>[Vb. Dict] という
[Vb. Dict] らしい (です)
らしい (です)<br>seems that ~; looks like ~; I heard ~ [expresses the speaker's conjecture based on some reliable information]
seems that ~; looks like ~; I heard ~ [expresses the speaker's conjecture based on some reliable information]
[Vb. Dict] らしい (です)<br>らしい (です)
[Vb. Dict] そうだ
そうだ<br>people say that ~ ; it is said that ~ ; I hear that ~ [expresses hearsay. i.e. that which the speaker heard or obtained indirectly]
people say that ~ ; it is said that ~ ; I hear that ~ [expresses hearsay. i.e. that which the speaker heard or obtained indirectly]
[Vb. Dict] そうだ<br>そうだ
[Vb. Dict] な
な<br>don't ~
don't ~
[Vb. Dict] な<br>な
[Vb. Dict] かな
かな<br>I wonder ~
I wonder ~
[Vb. Dict] かな<br>かな
[Vb. Dict] noun
[Vb. Dict] noun<br>this sentence pattern makes a modifier of the following noun; makes a relative clause [i.e. the cat that eats hamburgers]
this sentence pattern makes a modifier of the following noun; makes a relative clause [i.e. the cat that eats hamburgers]
[Vb. Dict] noun<br>[Vb. Dict] noun
[Vb. Dict] 程
[Vb. Dict] ほど<br>so [X] that ~; to the extent of ~
so [X] that ~; to the extent of ~
[Vb. Dict] 程<br>[Vb. Dict] ほど
[Vb. Dict] ばかりだ
ばかりだ<br>be ready to do ~
be ready to do ~
[Vb. Dict] ばかりだ<br>ばかりだ
[Vb. Dict. 1] ばかりでなく [Object of Verb 2] も [Vb. Dict. 2]
ばかりでなく [X] も<br>not only ~ but also ~ [this pattern expresses two actions or events in one sentence]
not only ~ but also ~ [this pattern expresses two actions or events in one sentence]
[Vb. Dict. 1] ばかりでなく [Object of Verb 2] も [Vb. Dict. 2]<br>ばかりでなく [X] も
[Vb. Dict] し
し<br>not only ~ but also ~; and ~; (at the end of a phrase) notes one (of several) reasons [expresses two or more actions in one sentence]
not only ~ but also ~; and ~; (at the end of a phrase) notes one (of several) reasons [expresses two or more actions in one sentence]
[Vb. Dict] し<br>し
[Vb. Neg] ない
ない<br>don't ~; won't ~; there isn't ~; there won't be ~
don't ~; won't ~; there isn't ~; there won't be ~
[Vb. Neg] ない<br>ない
[Vb. Neg] ないつもりだ
ないつもりだ<br>don't intend to ~
don't intend to ~
[Vb. Neg] ないつもりだ<br>ないつもりだ
[Vb. Neg] ないはずだ
ないはずだ<br>I don't expect that ~; It is not expected that ~
I don't expect that ~; It is not expected that ~
[Vb. Neg] ないはずだ<br>ないはずだ
[Vb. Neg] ないだろう
ないだろう<br>probably not
probably not
[Vb. Neg] ないだろう<br>ないだろう
[Vb. Neg] ないかもしれない
ないかもしれない<br>might not ~
might not ~
[Vb. Neg] ないかもしれない<br>ないかもしれない
[Vb. Neg] ないにちがいない
ないにちがいない<br>must not be ~; there is no doubt that [X] is/does not ~ [expresses the speaker's negative guess with confidence]
must not be ~; there is no doubt that [X] is/does not ~ [expresses the speaker's negative guess with confidence]
[Vb. Neg] ないにちがいない<br>ないにちがいない
[Vb. Neg] ないの
ないの<br>not ~ing; not to ~; that ~ not ~
not ~ing; not to ~; that ~ not ~
[Vb. Neg] ないの<br>ないの
[Vb. Neg] ないこと
ないこと<br>not ~ing; not to ~; that ~ not ~
not ~ing; not to ~; that ~ not ~
[Vb. Neg] ないこと<br>ないこと
[Vb. Neg] ないで
ないで<br>don't do ~ and; without doing ~ [used in sentence-final position as an indirect prohibition]
don't do ~ and; without doing ~ [used in sentence-final position as an indirect prohibition]
[Vb. Neg] ないで<br>ないで
[Vb. Neg] ないずに
ないずに<br>don't do ~ and; without doing ~
don't do ~ and; without doing ~
[Vb. Neg] ないずに<br>ないずに
[Vb. Neg] ないでください
ないでください<br>Please don't ~
Please don't ~
[Vb. Neg] ないでください<br>ないでください
[Vb. Neg] ないことがある
ないことがある<br>There are times when [X] doesn't ~
There are times when [X] doesn't ~
[Vb. Neg] ないことがある<br>ないことがある
[Vb. Neg] ないことにする
ないことにする<br>decide not to ~
decide not to ~
[Vb. Neg] ないことにする<br>ないことにする
[Vb. Neg]
<br>It will be decided that [X] won't ~
It will be decided that [X] won't ~
[Vb. Neg]<br>
[Vb. Neg] ないことになる
ないことになる<br>It will be decided that [X] won't ~
It will be decided that [X] won't ~
[Vb. Neg] ないことになる<br>ないことになる
[Vb. Neg] ないうちに
ないうちに<br>before [something takes place]
before [something takes place]
[Vb. Neg] ないうちに<br>ないうちに
[Vb. Neg] ないほうがいい
ないほうがいい<br>would be better not to ~; had better not do ~
would be better not to ~; had better not do ~
[Vb. Neg] ないほうがいい<br>ないほうがいい
[Vb. Neg] ないかわりに
ないかわりに<br>instead of not doing ~; make up for not doing ~
instead of not doing ~; make up for not doing ~
[Vb. Neg] ないかわりに<br>ないかわりに
[Vb. Neg] ないのに
ないのに<br>although [X] is/did not ~; in spite of the fact that [X] is'does not ~
although [X] is/did not ~; in spite of the fact that [X] is'does not ~
[Vb. Neg] ないのに<br>ないのに
[Vb. Neg] ないと
ないと<br>if [X] is/does not ~, then... [expresses a negative condition that brings about an inevitable result]
if [X] is/does not ~, then... [expresses a negative condition that brings about an inevitable result]
[Vb. Neg] ないと<br>ないと
[Vb. Neg] ないのなら
ないのなら<br>if [X] does/is not ~, then...; if it is not the case that [X] ~, then... [expresses a negative supposition or condition]
if [X] does/is not ~, then...; if it is not the case that [X] ~, then... [expresses a negative supposition or condition]
[Vb. Neg] ないのなら<br>ないのなら
[Vb. Neg] ないように
ないように<br>in order not to ~; so that [X] does/is not ~
in order not to ~; so that [X] does/is not ~
[Vb. Neg] ないように<br>ないように
[Vb. Neg] ないように言う
ないようにいう<br>tell somebody not to ~
tell somebody not to ~
[Vb. Neg] ないように言う<br>ないようにいう
[Vb. Neg] ないようになる
ないようになる<br>reach the point where [X] does/is not ~
reach the point where [X] does/is not ~
[Vb. Neg] ないようになる<br>ないようになる
[Vb. Neg] ないようにする
ないようにする<br>to try not to ~; make sure that [X] does/is not ~
to try not to ~; make sure that [X] does/is not ~
[Vb. Neg] ないようにする<br>ないようにする
[Vb. Neg] られる / れる
られる / れる<br>be ~ed
be ~ed
[Vb. Neg] られる / れる<br>られる / れる
[Vb. Neg] られる / れる [#2]
られる / れる<br>can do ~; be able to ~
can do ~; be able to ~
[Vb. Neg] られる / れる [#2]<br>られる / れる
[Vb. Neg] られる / れる [#3]
られる / れる<br>[used for the honorific style of speech. <span style="font-style:italic;">Reru is attached to 'regular 1 verbs' and <span style="font-style:italic;">Rareru</span> to 'regular 2 verbs'. The irregular verbs <span style="font-style:italic;">kuru</span> and <span style="font-style:italic;">suru</span> become <span style="font-style:italic;">korareru</span> and <span style="font-style:italic;">sareru</span>]</span>
[used for the honorific style of speech. <span style="font-style:italic;">Reru is attached to 'regular 1 verbs' and <span style="font-style:italic;">Rareru</span> to 'regular 2 verbs'. The irregular verbs <span style="font-style:italic;">kuru</span> and <span style="font-style:italic;">suru</span> become <span style="font-style:italic;">korareru</span> and <span style="font-style:italic;">sareru</span>]</span>
[Vb. Neg] られる / れる [#3]<br>られる / れる
[Vb. Neg] させる / せる
させる / せる<br>1: (Usually written using kana alone) to make (someone) do;<br>2: to allow (someone) to
1: (Usually written using kana alone) to make (someone) do;<br>2: to allow (someone) to
[Vb. Neg] させる / せる<br>させる / せる
[Vb. Neg] させられる / せられる
させられる / せられる<br>to be made to do ~
to be made to do ~
[Vb. Neg] させられる / せられる<br>させられる / せられる
[Vb. Neg] なかった
なかった<br>did not do ~; there was not ~
did not do ~; there was not ~
[Vb. Neg] なかった<br>なかった
[Vb. Neg] なければ / なかったら
なければ / なかったら<br>if ~ not
if ~ not
[Vb. Neg] なければ / なかったら<br>なければ / なかったら
[Vb. Neg] なければ ならない
なければ ならない<br>have to ~; must ~
have to ~; must ~
[Vb. Neg] なければ ならない<br>なければ ならない
[Vb. Neg] なくて
なくて<br>do not do ~ and ~; because [X] does/did not do ~
do not do ~ and ~; because [X] does/did not do ~
[Vb. Neg] なくて<br>なくて
[Vb. Neg] なくて も
なくて も<br>even if [X] does/did not ~
even if [X] does/did not ~
[Vb. Neg] なくて も<br>なくて も
[Vb. Neg] なくて も いい
なくて も いい<br>It is all right if [X] does not ~; don't have to ~
It is all right if [X] does not ~; don't have to ~
[Vb. Neg] なくて も いい<br>なくて も いい
[Vb. Cond] ば
ば<br>If ~
[Vb. Cond] ば いい
ば いい<br>You need only ~; all you have to do is ~
[Vb. Cond]ば [Vb. Dict] ほど / だけ
ば - ほど / だけ<br>the more ~ the more ~<br><br>[<span style="font-style:italic;">the more you study Japanese, <span style="font-style:italic;">the more</span> you'll get a <span style="font-weight:600;">hold on</span> the grammar]</span>
[Vb. Cond] ば こそ
ば こそ<br>because ~; only because ~<br><br>[only because she had her <span style="font-style:italic;">clothes off]</span>
[Vb. Cond] ば よかった
ば よかった<br>I wish [X] had done ~
[Vb. Imp]
[Vb. Imp]<br>Do ~
[Vb. Imp]と 言う
と いう<br>tell someone to do ~
tell someone to do ~
[Vb. Imp]と 言う<br>と いう
[Vb. Vol]
[Vb. Vol]<br>I will ~; let's ~
I will ~; let's ~
[Vb. Vol]<br>[Vb. Vol]
[Vb. Vol] か
か<br>Shall I ~ ?
Shall I ~ ?
[Vb. Vol] か<br>か
[Vb. Vol] と 思う
[Vb. Vol] と おもう<br>I think I'll do ~
I think I'll do ~
[Vb. Vol] と 思う<br>[Vb. Vol] と おもう
[Vb. Vol] と する [#1]
と する [#1]<br>try to do ~
try to do ~
[Vb. Vol] と する [#1]<br>と する [#1]
[Vb. Vol] と する [#2]
と する [#2]<br>to be about to do ~
to be about to do ~
[Vb. Vol] と する [#2]<br>と する [#2]
[Vb. て]
[Vb. て]<br>and ~; do ~ and ~
and ~; do ~ and ~
[Vb. て]<br>[Vb. て]
[Vb. て] #2
[Vb. て] #2<br>do ~, so ~; because ~
do ~, so ~; because ~
[Vb. て] #2<br>[Vb. て] #2
[Vb. て] #3
[Vb. て] #3<br>~ing; ~ed [expresses how an action is performed]
~ing; ~ed [expresses how an action is performed]
[Vb. て] #3<br>[Vb. て] #3
[Vb. て] ください
<br>Please do ~
Please do ~
[Vb. て] ください<br>
[Vb. て] いる
いる<br>be doing ~
be doing ~
[Vb. て] いる<br>いる
[Vb. て] いる [#2]
いる<br>be ~ed; be ~ing
be ~ed; be ~ing
[Vb. て] いる [#2]<br>いる
[Vb. て] ある
ある<br>be ~ed [expresses a state of being resulting from a previous action. There is the implication that someone did the action, therefore the resulting state exists]
be ~ed [expresses a state of being resulting from a previous action. There is the implication that someone did the action, therefore the resulting state exists]
[Vb. て] ある<br>ある
[Vb. て] から
から<br>after doing ~; since doing ~ [expresses the time relationship *i.e. after/since* between actions or events]
after doing ~; since doing ~ [expresses the time relationship *i.e. after/since* between actions or events]
[Vb. て] から<br>から
[Vb. て] ばかり いる
ばかり いる<br>be doing nothing but ~ [expresses the only action that a person is doing]
be doing nothing but ~ [expresses the only action that a person is doing]
[Vb. て] ばかり いる<br>ばかり いる
[Vb. て]<span style="font-style:italic;"> 欲しい</span>
[Vb. て] ほしい<br>want (someone) to do ~ [expresses a desire to have someone *marked by the particle 'ni'* do something. This someone is not supposed to be higher in status than the speaker. This pattern is used with the first person in declarative sentences and with the second person in interrogative sentences]
want (someone) to do ~ [expresses a desire to have someone *marked by the particle 'ni'* do something. This someone is not supposed to be higher in status than the speaker. This pattern is used with the first person in declarative sentences and with the second person in interrogative sentences]
[Vb. て]<span style="font-style:italic;"> 欲しい</span><br>[Vb. て] ほしい
[Vb. て] も
も<br>even if ~; although ~ [used as a conjunction to express a condition]
even if ~; although ~ [used as a conjunction to express a condition]
[Vb. て] も<br>も
[Vb. て] も いい
も いい<br>It is alright if ~; may ~ [expresses permission or concession]
It is alright if ~; may ~ [expresses permission or concession]
[Vb. て] も いい<br>も いい
[Vb. て]も [Vb. Neg.] なくて も
[Vb. て]も [Vb. Neg.] なくて も<br>whether or not [expresses a condition with a set of affirmative and negative verb forms. The second verb may be affirmative if it has an opposite meaning to the first verb]
whether or not [expresses a condition with a set of affirmative and negative verb forms. The second verb may be affirmative if it has an opposite meaning to the first verb]
[Vb. て]も [Vb. Neg.] なくて も<br>[Vb. て]も [Vb. Neg.] なくて も
[Vb. て] わ いけない
わ いけない<br>It is not alright if ~; must not ~ [expresses prohibition. <span style="font-style:italic;">Ikemasen is the polite style. The verb 困る <span style="font-style:italic;">komaru *to be problematic* </span>may be used in place of <span style="font-style:italic;">ikenai</span>]</span>
It is not alright if ~; must not ~ [expresses prohibition. <span style="font-style:italic;">Ikemasen is the polite style. The verb 困る <span style="font-style:italic;">komaru *to be problematic* </span>may be used in place of <span style="font-style:italic;">ikenai</span>]</span>
[Vb. て] わ いけない<br>わ いけない
because ~; only because ~<br><br>[only because she had her <span style="font-style:italic;">clothes off]</span>
[Vb. Cond] ば こそ<br>ば こそ
You need only ~; all you have to do is ~
[Vb. Cond] ば いい<br>ば いい
If ~
[Vb. Cond] ば<br>ば
the more ~ the more ~<br><br>[<span style="font-style:italic;">the more you study Japanese, <span style="font-style:italic;">the more</span> you'll get a <span style="font-weight:600;">hold on</span> the grammar]</span>
[Vb. Cond]ば [Vb. Dict] ほど / だけ<br>ば - ほど / だけ
I wish [X] had done ~
[Vb. Cond] ば よかった<br>ば よかった
[て. Verb] あげる<br>
[て. Verb] あげる<br /><br>to do something for someone<br><br>[this expresses a person's doing a favourable action for someone whose status is about equal to that of the doer. [て. Verb] <span style="font-style:italic;">sashiageru is used for someone whose status is higher than that of the doer. [て. Verb] <span style="font-style:italic;">yaru</span> is used for someone whose status is lower than that of the doer or who is a close friend of the doer. The verbs <span style="font-style:italic;">ageru, sashiager, </span>and <span style="font-style:italic;">yaru </span>(to give) are used as auxiliaries. The indirect object (the receiver of the favourable action marked by the particle ~<span style="font-style:italic;">ni</span>) cannot be the first person]<br></span>
to do something for someone<br><br>[this expresses a person's doing a favourable action for someone whose status is about equal to that of the doer. [て. Verb] <span style="font-style:italic;">sashiageru is used for someone whose status is higher than that of the doer. [て. Verb] <span style="font-style:italic;">yaru</span> is used for someone whose status is lower than that of the doer or who is a close friend of the doer. The verbs <span style="font-style:italic;">ageru, sashiager, </span>and <span style="font-style:italic;">yaru </span>(to give) are used as auxiliaries. The indirect object (the receiver of the favourable action marked by the particle ~<span style="font-style:italic;">ni</span>) cannot be the first person]<br></span>
[て. Verb] あげる<br><br>[て. Verb] あげる<br />
[て. Verb] もらう
[て. Verb] もらう<br>have someone do something<br><br>[[て. Verb] もらう indicates that a person receives a favourable action from someone whose status is about equal to or lower than that of the receiver. [て. Verb] <span style="font-style:italic;">Itadaku is used when the favourable action comes from someone whose status is higher than thay of the receiver. The verbs <span style="font-style:italic;">morau</span> and <span style="font-style:italic;">itadaku</span> (to receive) are used as auxiliaries. The indirect object (the doer of the favourable action marked by the particle <span style="font-style:italic;">ni</span>) cannot be the first person]</span>
have someone do something<br><br>[[て. Verb] もらう indicates that a person receives a favourable action from someone whose status is about equal to or lower than that of the receiver. [て. Verb] <span style="font-style:italic;">Itadaku is used when the favourable action comes from someone whose status is higher than thay of the receiver. The verbs <span style="font-style:italic;">morau</span> and <span style="font-style:italic;">itadaku</span> (to receive) are used as auxiliaries. The indirect object (the doer of the favourable action marked by the particle <span style="font-style:italic;">ni</span>) cannot be the first person]</span>
[て. Verb] もらう<br>[て. Verb] もらう
[て. Verb]くれる
[て. Verb]くれる<br>do something (for me or someone)<br /><br />[[て. Verb] くれる indicates that someone is doing a favourable action for the speaker (the first person) or someone who is close to the speaker. [て. Verb] <span style="font-style:italic;">kudasaru is used when the status of the doer of the favourable action is higher than that of the receiver. The verbs <span style="font-style:italic;">kureru</span> and <span style="font-style:italic;">kudasaru</span> (to give) are used as auxiliaries]</span>
do something (for me or someone)<br /><br />[[て. Verb] くれる indicates that someone is doing a favourable action for the speaker (the first person) or someone who is close to the speaker. [て. Verb] <span style="font-style:italic;">kudasaru is used when the status of the doer of the favourable action is higher than that of the receiver. The verbs <span style="font-style:italic;">kureru</span> and <span style="font-style:italic;">kudasaru</span> (to give) are used as auxiliaries]</span>
[て. Verb]くれる<br>[て. Verb]くれる
[て. Verb] いる 時 に
[て. Verb] いる ときに<br>when ~ doing<br /><br />[expresses the time when an action or event is/was taking place. 時 is used as a pseudo noun and functions as a conjunction. The tense of the sentence is determined by the verb in the main clause.]
when ~ doing<br /><br />[expresses the time when an action or event is/was taking place. 時 is used as a pseudo noun and functions as a conjunction. The tense of the sentence is determined by the verb in the main clause.]
[て. Verb] いる 時 に<br>[て. Verb] いる ときに
[て. Verb] いる 間に
[て. Verb] いる あいだに<br>while ~ doing ~<br><br>[expresses the time during which an action or event is/was taking place. <span style="font-style:italic;">Aida without <span style="font-style:italic;">ni</span> indicates that the two actions or events in the main caluse and subordinate clause (the aida clause) cover the same span of time. <span style="font-style:italic;">Aida </span>with <span style="font-style:italic;">ni</span> indicates that an action or event in the main clause occurs within the time span of an action or event in the <span style="font-style:italic;">aida</span> clause]</span>
while ~ doing ~<br><br>[expresses the time during which an action or event is/was taking place. <span style="font-style:italic;">Aida without <span style="font-style:italic;">ni</span> indicates that the two actions or events in the main caluse and subordinate clause (the aida clause) cover the same span of time. <span style="font-style:italic;">Aida </span>with <span style="font-style:italic;">ni</span> indicates that an action or event in the main clause occurs within the time span of an action or event in the <span style="font-style:italic;">aida</span> clause]</span>
[て. Verb] いる 間に<br>[て. Verb] いる あいだに
[て. Verb] いる うちに
[て. Verb] いる うちに<br>while ~ doing ~<br><br>[expresses the time during which an action or event is/was taking place. This pattern may be replaced by [て. Verb] <span style="font-style:italic;">iru aida ni]</span>
while ~ doing ~<br><br>[expresses the time during which an action or event is/was taking place. This pattern may be replaced by [て. Verb] <span style="font-style:italic;">iru aida ni]</span>
[て. Verb] いる うちに<br>[て. Verb] いる うちに
[て. Verb] いる/ある
[て. Verb] いる/ある<br>to make a relative clause<br><br>[in this pattern, [て. Verb] いる/ある is used as a modifier of the following noun. E.g. asonde iru kodomo - the child who is playing]
to make a relative clause<br><br>[in this pattern, [て. Verb] いる/ある is used as a modifier of the following noun. E.g. asonde iru kodomo - the child who is playing]
[て. Verb] いる/ある<br>[て. Verb] いる/ある
[て. Verb] みる
[て. Verb] みる<br>do ~ and see; try to do ~<br><br>[expresses a person's attempt at doing something to see what it is like. The verb みる (to see) is used as an auxiliary]
do ~ and see; try to do ~<br><br>[expresses a person's attempt at doing something to see what it is like. The verb みる (to see) is used as an auxiliary]
[て. Verb] みる<br>[て. Verb] みる
[て. Verb] いく
[て. Verb] いく <br>go on ~ing; become; grow<br><br>[expresses an action which goes away from the location of the speaker or moves into the future. The verb いく is used as an auxiliary.]
go on ~ing; become; grow<br><br>[expresses an action which goes away from the location of the speaker or moves into the future. The verb いく is used as an auxiliary.]
[て. Verb] いく<br>[て. Verb] いく
[て. Verb] くる
[て. Verb]<br>come about; begin to; grow<br><br>[expresses an action which comes towards the location of the speaker or up to a current point of time. The verb くる is used as an auxiliary]
come about; begin to; grow<br><br>[expresses an action which comes towards the location of the speaker or up to a current point of time. The verb くる is used as an auxiliary]
[て. Verb] くる<br>[て. Verb]
[て. Verb] おく
[て. Verb] <br>do something in advance<br><br>[expresses an action which is performed in advance for future convenience. The verb <span style="font-style:italic;">oku is used as an auxiliary]</span>
do something in advance<br><br>[expresses an action which is performed in advance for future convenience. The verb <span style="font-style:italic;">oku is used as an auxiliary]</span>
[て. Verb] おく<br>[て. Verb]
[て. Verb] しまう
[て. Verb] しまう<br>have done ~; finish doing ~<br><br>[expresses with emphasis the completion of an action and, in some cases, may imply a sense of regret for an action being totally completed. The verb <span style="font-style:italic;">shimau (finish or put away) is used as an auxiliary]</span>
have done ~; finish doing ~<br><br>[expresses with emphasis the completion of an action and, in some cases, may imply a sense of regret for an action being totally completed. The verb <span style="font-style:italic;">shimau (finish or put away) is used as an auxiliary]</span>
[て. Verb] しまう<br>[て. Verb] しまう
[た. Verb]
[た. Verb]<br>did ~; there was ~<br><br>[[た. Verb] is the past tense of [Verb Dict.] and expresses actions or statess which have taken place/took place or existed. This form is used for the plain style]
did ~; there was ~<br><br>[[た. Verb] is the past tense of [Verb Dict.] and expresses actions or statess which have taken place/took place or existed. This form is used for the plain style]
[た. Verb]<br>[た. Verb]
[た. Verb] つもりだ
<br>[た. Verb] つもりだ<br>be convinced that ~<br><br>[expresses the speaker's conviction about having done something]
be convinced that ~<br><br>[expresses the speaker's conviction about having done something]
[た. Verb] つもりだ<br><br>[た. Verb] つもりだ
[た. Verb] はず だ
[た. Verb] はず だ<br>I expect that ~; It is expected that ~<br><br>[expresses the speaker's feeling or certainty that something took place]
I expect that ~; It is expected that ~<br><br>[expresses the speaker's feeling or certainty that something took place]
[た. Verb] はず だ<br>[た. Verb] はず だ
[た. Verb] だろう
[た. Verb] だろう<br>probably did ~<br><br>[expresses the speaker's conjecture about past actions or events]
probably did ~<br><br>[expresses the speaker's conjecture about past actions or events]
[た. Verb] だろう<br>[た. Verb] だろう
[た. Verb] かもしれない
[た. Verb] かもしれない<br>might have ~<br><br>[expresses the speaker's speculation or guess about past actions or events]
might have ~<br><br>[expresses the speaker's speculation or guess about past actions or events]
[た. Verb] かもしれない<br>[た. Verb] かもしれない
[た. Verb] に ちがいない
[た. Verb]<br>must have ~; there is no doubt that ~<br><br>[expresses with confidence the speaker's past actions or events]
must have ~; there is no doubt that ~<br><br>[expresses with confidence the speaker's past actions or events]
[た. Verb] に ちがいない<br>[た. Verb]
[た. Verb] の / こと
[た. Verb] の / こと<br>that ~<br><br>[の / こと are nominalisers. They express a noun phrase]
that ~<br><br>[の / こと are nominalisers. They express a noun phrase]
[た. Verb] の / こと<br>[た. Verb] の / こと
[た. Verb] こと が ある
[た. Verb] こと が ある<br>have done ~; have had experience doing ~<br><br>[expresses a person's experience]
have done ~; have had experience doing ~<br><br>[expresses a person's experience]
[た. Verb] こと が ある<br>[た. Verb] こと が ある
[た. Verb] ところ だ
[た. Verb] ところ だ<br>have just done ~<br><br>[expresses an action which has just been completed]
have just done ~<br><br>[expresses an action which has just been completed]
[た. Verb] ところ だ<br>[た. Verb] ところ だ
[た. Verb] ほうが いい
[た. Verb] ほうが いい<br>had better do ~; should ~<br><br>[expresses advice to do something]
had better do ~; should ~<br><br>[expresses advice to do something]
[た. Verb] ほうが いい<br>[た. Verb] ほうが いい
[た. Verb] のに
[た. Verb] のに<br>although ~; in spite of the fact ~<br><br>[expresses a past action or event which is followed by a result contrary to expectation]
although ~; in spite of the fact ~<br><br>[expresses a past action or event which is followed by a result contrary to expectation]
[た. Verb] のに<br>[た. Verb] のに
[た. Verb] (の) なら<br>
[た. Verb] (の) なら<br /><br>if ~; if it is the case that ~<br><br>[expresses a sipposition or condition about past actions or events]
if ~; if it is the case that ~<br><br>[expresses a sipposition or condition about past actions or events]
[た. Verb] (の) なら<br><br>[た. Verb] (の) なら<br />
[た. Verb] か
[た. Verb] <br>(I don't know/can't tell) when, what, etc.<br /><br />[An interrogative (with or without a particle) followed by [た. Verb] か expresses a question about past actions or events embedded in a sentence.]
(I don't know/can't tell) when, what, etc.<br /><br />[An interrogative (with or without a particle) followed by [た. Verb] か expresses a question about past actions or events embedded in a sentence.]
[た. Verb] か<br>[た. Verb]
[た. Verb] か どうか
[た. Verb] か どうか<br>(I don't know/can't tell) whether or not...<br><br>[expresses a question about past actions or events embedded in a sentence]
(I don't know/can't tell) whether or not...<br><br>[expresses a question about past actions or events embedded in a sentence]
[た. Verb] か どうか<br>[た. Verb] か どうか
[た. Verb] から
[た. Verb] から<br>because ~; since ~; so ~<br><br>[expresses a cause or reason for past actions or events personally interpreted by the speaker]
because ~; since ~; so ~<br><br>[expresses a cause or reason for past actions or events personally interpreted by the speaker]
[た. Verb] から<br>[た. Verb] から
[た. Verb] ので
[た. Verb] ので<br>because ~; since ~; so ~<br><br>[expresses a cause or reason for past actions or events presented more objectively; without projecting the speaker's personal opinion]
because ~; since ~; so ~<br><br>[expresses a cause or reason for past actions or events presented more objectively; without projecting the speaker's personal opinion]
[た. Verb] ので<br>[た. Verb] ので
[た. Verb] らしい
[た. Verb] <br>seems that ~; looks like ~; I heard that ~<br><br>[expresses the speaker's conjecture about past action or events based on reliable information]
seems that ~; looks like ~; I heard that ~<br><br>[expresses the speaker's conjecture about past action or events based on reliable information]
[た. Verb] らしい<br>[た. Verb]
[た. Verb] そうだ
[た. Verb] そうだ<br>I hear that ~; I heard that ~; People say that ~<br><br>[expresses hearsay about past actions or events.]
I hear that ~; I heard that ~; People say that ~<br><br>[expresses hearsay about past actions or events.]
[た. Verb] そうだ<br>[た. Verb] そうだ
[た. Verb] かしら / かな
[た. Verb] かしら / かな<br>I wonder ~<br><br>[expresses uncertainty about past actions or events]
I wonder ~<br><br>[expresses uncertainty about past actions or events]
[た. Verb] かしら / かな<br>[た. Verb] かしら / かな
[た. Verb] まま
[た. Verb] まま<br>leave as it is ~; unchanged<br><br>[indicates that the already existing state the subject is in remains unchanged]
leave as it is ~; unchanged<br><br>[indicates that the already existing state the subject is in remains unchanged]
[た. Verb] まま<br>[た. Verb] まま
[た. Verb] あとで
[た. Verb] あとで<br>after doing ~<br><br>[indicates that an action or event takes place after another action or event has taken place]
after doing ~<br><br>[indicates that an action or event takes place after another action or event has taken place]
[た. Verb] あとで<br>[た. Verb] あとで
[た. Verb] 時に
[た. Verb] ときに<br>whe ~ did ~<br><br>[indicates when an action or event took place]
whe ~ did ~<br><br>[indicates when an action or event took place]
[た. Verb] 時に<br>[た. Verb] ときに
[た. Verb] noun<br>
[た. Verb] noun<br /><br>to make a relative clause<br><br>[in this sentence pattern, [た. Verb] noun is used as a modifier of the following noun. E.g. kinou kita hito - a person who came yesterday]
to make a relative clause<br><br>[in this sentence pattern, [た. Verb] noun is used as a modifier of the following noun. E.g. kinou kita hito - a person who came yesterday]
[た. Verb] noun<br><br>[た. Verb] noun<br />
[た. Verb] ばかり で なく も
[た. Verb]<br>not only ~ also ~; and ~<br><br>[expresses two or more past actions or events in one sentence]
not only ~ also ~; and ~<br><br>[expresses two or more past actions or events in one sentence]
[た. Verb] ばかり で なく も<br>[た. Verb]
[た. Verb] し
[た. Verb] し<br>not only ~ but also ~; and ~<br><br>[expresses two or more past actions or events in one sentence]
not only ~ but also ~; and ~<br><br>[expresses two or more past actions or events in one sentence]
[た. Verb] し<br>[た. Verb] し
[たら. Verb]
[たら. Verb]<br>if ~<br><br>[expresses a condition]
if ~<br><br>[expresses a condition]
[たら. Verb]<br>[たら. Verb]
[たら. Verb] [#2]<br>
[たら. Verb] [#2]<br /><br>when ~; after ~<br><br>[indicates that the action or event in the subordinate clause (the [たら. Verb] clause) takes place before the action or event in the main cause]
when ~; after ~<br><br>[indicates that the action or event in the subordinate clause (the [たら. Verb] clause) takes place before the action or event in the main cause]
[たら. Verb] [#2]<br><br>[たら. Verb] [#2]<br />
[たら. Verb] [#3]
[たら. Verb] [#3]<br>why not ~; how about ~<br><br>[expresses a suggestion or proposal in casual conversation]
why not ~; how about ~<br><br>[expresses a suggestion or proposal in casual conversation]
[たら. Verb] [#3]<br>[たら. Verb] [#3]
[たり. Verb] ~ [たり. Verb] ~する
[たり. Verb] ~ [たり. Verb] ~する<br>do things like ~ and ~; sometimes do ~ and sometimes do ~<br><br>[expresses an alternative or an indefinite number of actions or events in no particular sequence. A single action or event may be listed as a representative of others]
do things like ~ and ~; sometimes do ~ and sometimes do ~<br><br>[expresses an alternative or an indefinite number of actions or events in no particular sequence. A single action or event may be listed as a representative of others]
[たり. Verb] ~ [たり. Verb] ~する<br>[たり. Verb] ~ [たり. Verb] ~する
[たり. Verb] [Verb. なかったり] する
[たり. Verb] [Verb. なかったり] する<br>sometimes do ~ and sometimes don't ~<br /><br />[expresses a pair of opposite actions or events]
sometimes do ~ and sometimes don't ~<br /><br />[expresses a pair of opposite actions or events]
[たり. Verb] [Verb. なかったり] する<br>[たり. Verb] [Verb. なかったり] する