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91 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
apprenticeships:
* gained valuable clinical experience while staffing the hospital inpatient wards.
* received free room and board.
* little incentive to encourage a more scientific basis for nursing education.
* many nursing duties were basic housekeeping tasks.
* gradually fell to college and university education programs.
assisting functions:
* simple functions (i.e. bed making) based on common knowledge.
* could be learned through on-the-job training.
competency:
* a skill or behavior that is measurable and can be evaluated.
* Pew report identified 21 health-related competencies for professionals, including nurses:
A. providing evidence-based, clinically competent care,
B. practicing preventive health care,
C. providing culturally-sensitive care,
D. exhibiting ethical behavior in all professional activities.
credential:
* usually a letter or certificate given to a person to indicate to others that the person has the right to a certain position or authority.
* nursing credential indicates to general public that the nurse has the right to practice the profession for which she is trained and deemed qualified.
endowment:
* gift or bequest that provides an income for an institution.
* recommended by Goldmark report of 1923 (launched by Rockefeller Foundation) for all types of nursing education.
* Yale University School of Nursing was established in NYC by Rockefeller Foundation after Goldmark report.
National Nursing Council for War Service:
* a coordinating council made up of 14 national organizations concerned about the future of nursing.
Pew Charitable Trusts:
* supports various nonprofit activities, including those related to health and human services and public policy.
* sponsored the study called "Health Professions Education for the Future: Schools in Service to the Nation".
professional functions:
* complex functions.
* require expert skill and judgment.
* would be preformed by nursing graduates of 4- or 5-year colleges with terminal degree of BSN in nursing and with hospital and community experience to complement college courses.
SAFE:
A goal of the Pew Health Professions Commission report of 1995.

* standardized where appropriate,
* accountable to the public,
* flexible to support a safe and competent workforce,
* effective and efficient to promote the public's safety and welfare.
technical functions:
* intermediate functions.
* require skill, some judgment, and technical training.
An Abstract for Action (Lysaught report).
* encouraged career ladders and higher salaries for nurses.
Community College Education for Nursing:
* compared state board results from various types of nursing programs.
Health Profession Education for the Future: Schools in Service to the Nation:
* focused on interdisciplinary education and collaboration.
* study sponsored by the Pew Charitable Trusts.
Healthy People 2010:
* established national goals for health promotion and disease prevention.
* included a focus on mental health and ecological indicators of health.
National Commission on Nursing study:
* encouraged independent decision making by nurses.
* funded in part by the American Hospital Association.
* prompted by nursing shortages in the 1960's and 1970's.
National Institute of Medicine study:
* funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Social Services.
* one result of this study was a serious national nursing shortage.
Nursing for the Future (Brown report):
* envisioned changes in nursing roles to include supervision, administration, teaching, and research.
* National Nursing Council for War Service prompted this study.
Pew Health Professions Commission Report:
* controversial study due to recommendations to close some nursing and medical schools.
* encouraged the development of generalists (rather than specialists) to address national health issues.
* study sponsored by the Pew Charitable Trusts.
The Study of Credentialing in Nursing: A New Approach:
* supported the development of a credentialing center for nursing.
Goldmark report:
* one goal was to establish minimum educational standards for nursing education.
* recommended endowments to fund nursing education.
* initially evaluated the preparation of nurses for community health nursing.
The Education of Nursing Technicians (Montag study):
* landmark study published in The Education of Nursing Technicians.
* proposed a continuum of nursing functions: assisting, technical, and professional.
Effect of WWI and WWII on location of nursing education:
* shifted locus for nursing education from hospital to community college/university venue.
* primarily R/T postwar nursing studies that identified need for training that would better prepare students for supervisory, teach, and research roles in addition to direct patient care.
Why didn't hospitals encourage higher nursing education in the early 1900's?
* little incentive for hospitals to do so.
* in hospital-based nursing programs, nursing students generally staffed hospitals and did many other basic tasks.
* conducted the National Institute of Medicine study:
Katherine Bauer.
* social anthropologist and director of Department of Studies in the Professions of the Russell Sage Foundation.
* first to recommend that professional nursing education no longer take place in hospitals.
* envisioned nurses supervising other health care personnel.
* envisioned greater involvement of nurses in preventive care and acute care rather than routine patient care.
Esther Lucile Brown.
* chief investigator of a study that led to the establishment of the Yale University School of Nursing.
Josephine Goldmark.
* primary researcher for The Study of Credentialing in Nursing: A New Approach.
Inez Hisvark.
* recommended more research in nursing education and practice.
Jerome P. Lysaught.
* findings of her 5-year study appeared in her Community College Education for Nursing report.
* her studies prompted the development and growth of nursing in community colleges.
Mildred Montag.
* given at the point at which a patient first enters the health care system.
* environmental protection is one aspect of this care.
* focuses on health promotion.
* usually given by one health care practitioner.
* usually rendered in ambulatory or community-based settings.
primary care.
* focuses on health restoration.
* focuses on prevention of disease complications.
* sometimes takes place in hospitals as inpatient care.
* usually rendered in emergency departments.
secondary care.
* hospice care is an example.
* roles in this type of care include restorative nurses and occupational therapists.
* usually rendered in long-term care settings.
tertiary care.
Primary purpose of regulation of health care is:
* to ensure the safety and well-being of patients and health care personnel.
Regulatory agencies are concerned with:
issues of compliance with preestablished standards of care.
* signed into law on November 2000.
* directed OSHA to revise the blood-borne pathogens standard to include a number of new initiatives aimed at minimizing the risk for health care workers.
* requested mandated engineering controls and blood-borne pathogen prevention programs by employers.
Needlestick Safety and Prevention Act.
Two of the primary factors that affect health care trends and delivery are:
1. consumer education and awareness.
2. technological advances in the field of health care.
The most common example of a primary care setting is:
a health clinic or health center.

(HMOs and PPOs are also considered primary care providers.)
Primary care providers are considered the:
managers of care.
Primary care providers focus on four primary areas:
1. health promotion.
2. health education.
3. health maintenance.
4. environmental protection.
The science and art of helping people change their lifestyles to move toward a state of optimal health:
health promotion.
Breast self-examination education and training is an example of:
primary prevention health care.
* vaccination updates.
* encouraging patients to maintain a healthy lifestyle.
* Regular B/P checks, even with no s/sx.
health maintenance.
To certify as meeting certain set standards or to bring into favor:
to certify.
Type of care given at "the point at which a patient first enters the health care system":
primary care.
Health education is an example of:
primary preventive health care.

(i.e. Exploring the implications of alcohol use with a teenager whose father died from liver disease due to alcohol-related complications.)
Counseling patients on the importance of continued self-care with special attention to preventive measures like a healthy diet and adequate exercise;
vaccination updates and encouraging patients to maintain a healthy lifestyle;
having B/P checked regularly even if there are no apparent symptoms of hypertension...
these are examples of:
health maintenance.
Environmental protection is an example of what type of health care?
primary care
* a government agency concerned with overall environmental issues.
* i.e. the protection of human health.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Type of care generally rendered in emergency departments and in acute care settings like hospitals is known as:
secondary care.
To prevent complications of diseases and to restore people to health is a main purpose of what type of health care?
secondary care.
The focus of home health care is usually on restoration of function and prevention of complications from conditions like CVA (cerebral vascular accidents) and heart attacks.

What type of health care is this?
secondary care.
* focuses on early treatment of disease and early recognition of disease complications.
* includes various types of nursing interventions.
* includes home health care, teaching early s/sx of disease complications in order for people to receive prompt treatment.
* includes discussing risk factors like smoking that can exacerbate diseases such as asthma and bronchitis.
secondary care.
Tertiary care usually takes place in:
long-term care settings like nursing homes, assisted-living environments, and centers for rehabilitation.
* hospice care.
* specialized care that may be more complex and focused (i.e. patients with burns or complex rehab needs).
* chronic conditions like UTIs associated with indwelling urinary catheters.
* teaching includes assisting patient to develop a daily plan for catheter care.
tertiary care.
The Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) changed their name to:
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)
The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services' (CMS') mission is:
* to serve Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries and to make it easier for older people in particular to access information about various health care options.
Regulates Medicare and Medicaid payments on the federal level:
the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS).
Publishes an updated list of Medicare and Medicaid regulations that it has formulated and a quarterly provider update:
the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS).
* an agency of the federal government.
* is concerned with the health and safety of people in the workplace.
* its mission is to save lives, prevent injuries, and protect the health of America's workers.
the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) was established through the:
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970.
Workplace inspections are one of ________'s principle activities.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA's).
* governmental agencies that generally approve and license health care facilities in their own states.
* their standards focus on public health and are considered minimum standards.
state health departments.
To accredit means:
to certify as meeting certain set standards or to bring into favor.
Facilities that have gone through mandatory or voluntary accreditation processes will have certificates of accreditation:
publicly posted.
* a private, not-for-profit voluntary regulatory organization.
* originally established by the American College of Surgeons and the American Society of Internal Medicine to provide regulatory oversight to hospitals by establishing acceptable standards of care.
* currently provides regulatory oversight to other types of health care facilities as well (i.e. nursing homes, home care agencies, hospices).
Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO).
Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) evaluate:
* the physical facility.
* the outcomes of care given.
* the actual process of care.
* the existence of and adherence to policies and procedures.
* adherence to competencies.
* and perform chart reviews to survey practices such as use or restraints and medications like sedatives and hypnotics.
An independent, not-for-profit, private regulatory agency that evaluates and monitors health maintenance organizations (HMOs) and other organizations involved in managed care initiatives is the:
National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA).
* formerly known as the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA).
* helps older people gain access to information about health care options.
* regulates Medicare and Medicaid payments.
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS).
* private organization.
* accredits community health and home care agencies.
* provedes information to the public to assist in the selection of appropriate home and health services and providers.
* established by the National League for Nursing (NLN).
Community Health Accreditation Program (CHAP).
* accredits community health and home care agencies.
* agency personnel might observe a medication pass in a facility.
* nursing homes request surveys from this agency for accreditation purposes.
* not-for-profit voluntary agency for nursing homes and hospitals.
Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO).
* monitors HMOs.
* uses the Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS) for evaluation purposes.
National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA).
* does workplace safety inspections.
* mission is to prevent injuries to employees on the job.
* regulations include procedures for exposure to blood-borne pathogens.
* concerned with back injuries.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).
* generally supply minimum public health standards to facilities.
State health departments.
* formed by JCAHO and NCQA.
* most recent of the regulatory agencies.
* formed in early 2003.
* protects the safety and rights of research subjects.
Partnership for Human Research Protection (PHRP).
JCAHO, NCQA, and CHAP are all considered:
deemed status organizations.
Deemed status means that:
* the federal government and some state governments will accept evaluations of accreditation of health care facilities from certain agencies
* will continue to pay Medicare and Medicaid benefits to the facilities that these agencies accredit or "deem worthy".
One significant trend that began in the mid-1960's was an increase in:
* consumer awareness.
* consumer involvement in health care with a greater expectation for participation in self-care.
People who buy or use a commodity or a service like health care:
consumers.
Consumers of health care today expect and are expected to take a more active role in:
maintaining, promoting, and managing their own health.
The consumer rights movement has resulted in a document called _______, which was developed in 1972 by the American Hospital Association (AHA).
A Patient's Bill of Rights.
Most hospitals have _______ on staff.

In hospitals, ethics committees that are concerned with the protection of human subjects also have:
consumer advocates

consumer members.
The credentialing movement in nursing, which licenses graduate nurses and certifies nurses with expertise in certain areas, is one way that the nursing profession:
maintains accountability to the general public.
A nursing credential, like a nursing license, indicates to others that:
based on a predetermined set of professional standards, the nurse who holds the credential is able to give competent care.
List an adverse effect on health of increased consumer involvement in health care.
drug-resistant infections of all kinds are on the rise in the U.S.A. and may be related, in part, to consumer demand for these medications.
One of the primary reasons for the increase in infections is the:
over-prescription of antibiotics.
According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), antibiotic resistance is a:
serious and growing public health concern worldwide.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), half of one hundred million prescriptions per year that are ordered by community-based physicians are:
unnecessary.
The most obvious change related to technological advances has been:
surgical techniques and lifesaving and life-prolong measures that were unheard of in prior decades.
One significant change in the delivery of nursing education has been in the development of:
online or distance education programs for nurses, which is made possible by computer technology.
Two primary characteristics of successful distance education learners are:
* self-discipline.
* self-motivation.
Telehealth is:
the use of telecommunications technology to disseminate health information.