A Beka Biology Chapter 9

Front 1

process in which a substance is combined with oxygen

Back 1

oxidation

Front 2

most important energy-producing compounds in the cell

Back 2

carbohydrates

Front 3

kinds of simple sugars

Back 3

glucose, fructose, lactose, maltose, sucrose

Front 4

name for simple sugars

Back 4

monosaccharides

Front 5

name for two monosaccharides combined

Back 5

disaccharides

Front 6

simple carbohydrates

Back 6

sugars

Front 7

where to find complex carbohydrates

Back 7

starchy foods like bread, cereals, pasta, potatoes, rice

Front 8

long chains of simple carbohydrates

Back 8

polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates)

Front 9

how plants store glucose

Back 9

as starch

Front 10

starch that is manufactured by the cells of animals and people

Back 10

glycogen

Front 11

starch which forms plant cell walls

Back 11

cellulose

Front 12

substances which are not digested by our bodies

Back 12

dietary fiber

Front 13

two types of dietary fiber

Back 13

soluble and insoluble

Front 14

helps move undigested waste materials along to keep intestines clean

Back 14

insoluble fiber

Front 15

fiber that slows digestion and aids the stomach in absorption

Back 15

soluble fiber

Front 16

main source of our energy

Back 16

carbohydrates

Front 17

part of diet that should consist of carbohydrates

Back 17

45-65% of calories eaten

Front 18

complex organic molecules used to build and maintain living cells

Back 18

proteins

Front 19

building blocks of proteins

Back 19

amino acids

Front 20

part of diet that should consist of protein

Back 20

10-35% of calories eaten

Front 21

sources of protein

Back 21

meats, fish, dairy, eggs, whole-grain cereals, legumes

Front 22

amino acids that our bodies cannot make (so we must get them from our food)

Back 22

essential amino acids

Front 23

a protein (food) that lacks an essential amino acid

Back 23

incomplete protein

Front 24

fats, oils, and fat-like substances

Back 24

lipids

Front 25

most basic type of lipid molecule

Back 25

fatty acid

Front 26

fats in which every possible bond to hydrogen is filled

Back 26

saturated

Front 27

fatty acid in which there are empty places for hydrogen bonds

Back 27

unsaturated

Front 28

could form one more hydrogen bond

Back 28

monounsaturated

Front 29

could form several more hydrogen bonds

Back 29

polyunsaturated

Front 30

two fatty acids which we cannot make (so we must get them from our food)

Back 30

essential fatty acids

Front 31

larger molecules made of fatty acids combined

Back 31

fats

Front 32

name for true fats

Back 32

triglycerides

Front 33

fats that are liquid at room temperature

Back 33

oils

Front 34

oils that have had hydrogen added

Back 34

hydrogenated oils

Front 35

lipids used to make bile, vitamin D, and hormones

Back 35

cholesterol

Front 36

where our bodies store fat

Back 36

adipose cells

Front 37

part of diet that should consist of fats

Back 37

about 25% of calories eaten

Front 38

special molecules that assist a cell's enzymes in performing their jobs

Back 38

coenzymes

Front 39

substances that neutralize harmful molecules called free radicals

Back 39

antioxidants

Front 40

harmful substances that damage important cell parts

Back 40

free radicals

Front 41

vitamins which are easily eliminated from the body

Back 41

water-soluble vitamins

Front 42

vitamins which accumulate in the body if taken in excess

Back 42

fat- or lipid-soluble vitamins

Front 43

water-soluble vitamins

Back 43

C, B complex

Front 44

lipid-soluble vitamins

Back 44

A, D, E, K

Front 45

disease caused by a lack of some nutrient in the diet

Back 45

deficiency disease

Front 46

foods which have had vitamins added during manufacturing

Back 46

enriched foods

Front 47

condition in which a person suffers toxicity from too many vitamins

Back 47

hypervitaminosis

Front 48

inorganic foods which are needed for proper health

Back 48

minerals

Front 49

minerals needed in very small amounts

Back 49

trace elements

Front 50

fluid inside the body's cells

Back 50

intracellular fluid

Front 51

fluid found in blood plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, and the joints

Back 51

extracellular fluid

Front 52

condition in which a person does not have a proper water balance

Back 52

edema

Front 53

amount of liquid you should drink each day

Back 53

6 glasses

Front 54

scientists who study nutrients in foods

Back 54

nutritionists

Front 55

a diet that contains all necessary nutrients

Back 55

balanced diet

Front 56

food categories in the food pyramid

Back 56

grains, vegetables, fruits, milk, meat and beans, lipids

Front 57

foods of which most people in prosperous countries each too much

Back 57

fats, sugars, salt

Front 58

unit for measuring energy in foods

Back 58

Calorie

Front 59

definition of a Calorie

Back 59

the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree Celsius

Front 60

another name for the Calorie

Back 60

kilocalorie

Front 61

sum of all body activities that use energy

Back 61

metabolism

Front 62

the lowest metabolism rate (occurs while resting)

Back 62

basal metabolic rate

Front 63

what causes fat to form

Back 63

eating more Calories than the body needs

Front 64

standard way to lose weight

Back 64

reduce Calorie intake to 15-1800 Calories per day, eat a high-carb diet, and exercise

Front 65

tube along which all digestive organs are found

Back 65

alimentary canal

Front 66

the changing of food substances into substances with smaller, less complex molecules

Back 66

digestion

Front 67

proteins that control digestion

Back 67

enzymes

Front 68

anything that speeds up a chemical reaction but is not affected itself

Back 68

catalyst

Front 69

enzymes which control digestion

Back 69

digestive enzymes

Front 70

where digestive enzymes come from

Back 70

digestive glands

Front 71

the mouth

Back 71

oral cavity

Front 72

slimy substance lining the mouth

Back 72

mucus

Front 73

separates the mouth from the nasal passages

Back 73

palate

Front 74

pushes food between the teeth and helps mix it with mucus and saliva

Back 74

tongue

Front 75

small ball of food that you are about to swallow

Back 75

bolus

Front 76

projections on the tongue containing taste buds

Back 76

papillae

Front 77

digestive glands of the mouth

Back 77

salivary glands

Front 78

sticky digestive juice

Back 78

saliva

Front 79

digestive enzyme found in saliva

Back 79

salivary amylase

Front 80

crushes food into smaller pieces

Back 80

teeth

Front 81

front cutting teeth

Back 81

incisors

Front 82

tearing teeth

Back 82

cuspids

Front 83

light-grinding teeth

Back 83

bicuspids

Front 84

back heavy-grinding teeth

Back 84

molars

Front 85

last molar on each side

Back 85

wisdom tooth

Front 86

wisdom teeth that do not grow through the gums

Back 86

impacted

Front 87

two sets of teeth

Back 87

primary teeth, permanent teeth

Front 88

chewing

Back 88

mastication

Front 89

parts of the tooth

Back 89

crown, neck, root

Front 90

inner part of the tooth, full of blood vessels and nerves

Back 90

pulp

Front 91

bonelike layer of the tooth

Back 91

dentine

Front 92

mineral substance which covers the crown of the tooth

Back 92

enamel

Front 93

holds the tooth to the jaw

Back 93

cementum

Front 94

throat

Back 94

pharynx

Front 95

tooth decay

Back 95

dental caries

Front 96

most common disease

Back 96

dental caries

Front 97

sticky colorless film of bacteria on the teeth

Back 97

plaque

Front 98

hard mineral deposit on teeth

Back 98

tartar

Front 99

tender, inflamed gums which bleed easily

Back 99

gingivitis

Front 100

disease in which teeth fall out and the bones supporting them are destroyed

Back 100

periodontitis

Front 101

foot-long, muscular tube which connects the pharynx to the rest of the digestive system

Back 101

esophagus

Front 102

wave of muscular contractions of the esophagus that moves food through the system

Back 102

peristalsis

Front 103

flap of cartilage in the pharynx which keeps food out of the respiratory system

Back 103

epiglottis

Front 104

saclike storage structure

Back 104

stomach

Front 105

all the juices in the stomach

Back 105

gastric juice

Front 106

gastric fluid which softens food and kills bacteria

Back 106

hydrochloric acid

Front 107

the most important gastric enzyme

Back 107

pepsin

Front 108

the bolus combines with gastric juices into a thick liquid

Back 108

chyme

Front 109

keeps food in the stomach until it is sufficiently digested

Back 109

pyloric sphincter

Front 110

produces bile

Back 110

liver

Front 111

stores bile

Back 111

gallbladder

Front 112

the most important ingredient in bile

Back 112

bile salts

Front 113

breaks large fat droplets into smaller ones

Back 113

emulsification

Front 114

entrance from the gallbladder to the small intestine

Back 114

common bile duct

Front 115

produces pancreatic juice

Back 115

pancreas

Front 116

liquid which helps digest fats and carbohydrates

Back 116

pancreatic juice

Front 117

neutralizes hydrochloric acid

Back 117

sodium bicarbonate

Front 118

the primary organ of digestion and absorption

Back 118

small intestine

Front 119

three sections of the small intestine

Back 119

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Front 120

produce juices in the small intestine

Back 120

intestinal glands

Front 121

the movement of water, digested food, and other dissolved substances into the bloodstream

Back 121

absorption

Front 122

hairlike projections of the small intestine which absorb digested food

Back 122

villi

Front 123

extensions of the cell membrane in the digestive tract

Back 123

microvilli

Front 124

tubelike vessel that absorbs fats

Back 124

lacteal

Front 125

hormone that signals the liver to remove glucose from the blood

Back 125

insulin

Front 126

hormone that signals the liver to release glucose into the blood

Back 126

glucagon

Front 127

watery waste removed by the kidneys

Back 127

urea

Front 128

large intestine

Back 128

colon

Front 129

found where the colon joins the small intestine

Back 129

vermiform appendix

Front 130

inflamed appendix

Back 130

appendicitis

Front 131

stores undigestible materials which have come through the digestive system

Back 131

rectum

Front 132

semisolid waste

Back 132

feces

Front 133

expels feces

Back 133

anus

Front 134

uncommon but severe form of food poisoning

Back 134

botulism

Front 135

bacterial food infection

Back 135

salmonella

Front 136

the most serious salmonella infection

Back 136

typhoid fever

Front 137

gastric indigestion

Back 137

dyspepsia

Front 138

an open sore in the mucous membrane

Back 138

peptic ulcer

Front 139

feces are too dry and difficult to expel

Back 139

constipation

Front 140

feces are too wet

Back 140

diarrhea

Front 141

bacterial infection of the colon

Back 141

dysentery

Front 142

very common but treatable form of cancer

Back 142

colon cancer