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122 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
the framework of the body
skeletal system
number of bones in the body
about 206
two divisions of skeletal system
axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton
bones includes in the axial skeleton
skull, hyoid, vertebrae, sternum, ribs
bones in the appendicular skeleton
bones of the appendages
two main parts of the skull
cranium, facial bones
brain case
cranium
important cranial bones
frontal bone, parietal bones, temporal bones, occipital bone
membranes that connect he bones of an infant's cranium
fontanels
uneven lines where pieces of the cranium are fused together
sutures
most important facial bones
maxillary bones, palatine bones
roof of the mouth
palate
only movable bone of the skull
mandible
tissues that join bones to bones
ligaments
hollow spaces in certain skull bones
sinuses
bone in your upper neck
hyoid bone
smallest bones in the human body
middle ear bones: malleus, incus, stapes
columnlike structure with 33 segments
vertebral column
the 33 segments in the vertebral column
vertebrae
flexible cartilage found between the vertebrae
intervertebral disks
a tough, rubbery connective tissue that cushions joints between bones
cartilage
the four regions of the vertebral column
thoracic, lumbar, pelvic, sacral
the seven vertebrae in the neck
cervical vertebrae
the segment of the vertebral column that is the longest
thoracic vertebrae
the larges vertebrae
lumbar vertebrae
the vertebrae in the pelvic region
sacral vertebrae
four vertebrae that are separate in infants but fused in adults
coccyx
severe lateral curvature of the spine
scoliosis
protects the internal organs of the thoracic cavity
thoracic cage
long, curved bones attached to the vertebrae and the sternum
ribs
breastbone
sternum
join the ribs to the sternum
costal cartilages
the upper seven pairs of ribs
true ribs
all the ribs except the upper seven
false ribs
the two bottom pairs of ribs
floating ribs
all the shoulder bones
pectoral girdle
the shoulder blades
scapulae
the collarbone
clavicle
the upper arm bone
humerus
the forearm bone on the same side as your pinkie
ulna
the forearm bone on the same side as your thumb
radius
the wrist bones
carpus
the main hand bones
metacarpals
the finger and thumb bones
phalanges
the pelvis
pelvic girdle
the thigh bone
femur
the lower leg bone that extends from knee to ankle
tibia
the lower leg bone that is smaller and on the outside
fibula
the kneecap
patella
attaches muscle to bonetendon

the ankle bones
tarsus
the feet bones
metatarsals
the toe bones
phalanges
four categories of bones
long, short, flat, irregular
purpose of long bones
support your weight, work with muscles
what short bones are
as wide as they are long
purpose of flat bones
protect vital organs
the shaft of a bone
diaphysis
the knobby ends of a bone
epiphysis
outer shell of a bone
compact bone
inner part of a bone
spongy bone
special tissue that manufactures red blood cells
red marrow
hollow core of a bone
medullary cavity
fatty substance in the medullary cavity
yellow marrow
tough, resilient protein that reinforces bones
collagen
special cells that removing old bone material and make room for new
osteoclasts
special cells that construct new collage in bones
osteoblasts
nutrients important to bone health
calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, vitamin A, vitamin C
disease caused by vitamin D deficiency
rickets
Wolff's law
bones adjust their shapes to the physical stress placed on them
replacement of cartilage with bone material (before birth and during childhood)
ossification
a break or crack in a bone
fracture
occurs when a bone breaks but does not pierce the skin
simple fracture
occurs when bone breaks and pierces the skin
compound fracture
kind of cells used to heal bones
the kind always found in bones (not scar tissue)
places where bones join
joints
kinds of joints
immovable, slightly movable, freely movable
clear, water-based lubricant in the elbows
synovial fluid
connects bones
ligaments
6 types of freely movable joints
hinge, ball-and-socket, pivot, ellipsoid, gliding, saddle
example of hinge joint
knee
example of ball-and-socket joint
hip
example of pivot joint
forearm at elbow
example of ellipsoid joint
knuckles
example of gliding joint
carpals (hand)
example of saddle joint
thumb at base
joint which has the most range of movement
ball-and-socket
inflammation of the joints
arthritis
most common form of arthritis
osteoarthritis
arthritis the occurs when the immune system attacks joints
rheumatoid arthritis
occurs when the ligaments of a joint are overstressed
sprain
occurs when a bone pops out of alignment
dislocation
three types of muscle
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
muscles whose primary function is to move
skeletal muscles
makes up skeletal muscles
muscle fibers
appearance of skeletal muscles
striated
muscle designed for slow, powerful, prolonged contractions
smooth muscles
muscles chiefly responsible for moving the head
sternocleidomastoid muscles
muscles on the side of the head
temporalis, masseter
muscles that move the shoulders
trapezius
muscles between the ribs
intercostal muscles
important muscles that move the upper arms
pectoralis major, deltoid, latissimus dorsi
muscles the move the lower arms
biceps brachii, triceps brachii
muscles from the sternum to the pelvic girdle (in front)
rectus abdominus
muscles from the ribs to the pelvis (on the sides)
external oblique
muscles along the spinal column
erector spinae
muscles that move your upper legs
gluteus maximus
muscles that move the lower legs
quadriceps femoris, hamstrings, sartorius
muscle in the calf that extends the foot
gastrocnemius
encloses the biceps muscle
fascia
connect muscle to bone
tendons
individual muscle cells
muscle fibers
long cylinders that extend the length of a muscle cell
myofibrils
millions of overlapping proteins arranged in repeating units
sarcomeres
the point at which a motor nerve connects to a muscle cell
neuromuscular junction
a group of muscle cells connected to a single motor neuron
motor unit
the principle on which muscles contract and relax
all-or-none principle
enlargement of muscles through use
hypertrophy
muscle degeneration
atrophy
muscle fibers that contain many mitochondria and myoglobin
red fibers
muscle fibers with fewer mitochondria and myoglobin
white fibers
awareness of body movement
muscle sense