A Beka Biology Chapter 11

Front 1

maintenance of the body's stable internal environment

Back 1

homeostasis

Front 2

skin and glands associated with it

Back 2

integumentary system

Front 3

three important services of the skin

Back 3

communication, secretion, protection

Front 4

studied the design of skin

Back 4

Marcello Malpighi

Front 5

layers of skin

Back 5

epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous

Front 6

outside layer of skin

Back 6

epidermis

Front 7

dead, flattened outermost skin cells

Back 7

squamous epithelial cells

Front 8

living cells in the epidermous

Back 8

germinative cells

Front 9

buildup of epidermal cells

Back 9

callus

Front 10

condition in which the immune system attacks epidermal cells

Back 10

psoriasis

Front 11

flaking dead skin cells

Back 11

dandruff

Front 12

hardening of cells as the move toward the outside

Back 12

keratinization

Front 13

tough, waterproof protein fiber manufactured in the cytoplasm

Back 13

keratin

Front 14

skin pigment

Back 14

melanin

Front 15

give skin an olive tint

Back 15

carotenoids

Front 16

give skin a reddish or pinkish tint

Back 16

hemoglobin

Front 17

person who cannot produce melanin

Back 17

albino

Front 18

protein fibers in the dermis that give elasticity and stretch

Back 18

elastin and collagen

Front 19

fatty layer of tissue underneath the dermis

Back 19

subcutaneous layer

Front 20

natural process that protects the body from UV rays

Back 20

tanning

Front 21

painful inflammation of the skin resulting from toxins released by damaged skin cells

Back 21

sunburn

Front 22

cancer sometimes caused by too much sun exposure

Back 22

skin cancer

Front 23

most common types of skin cancer

Back 23

basal-cell carcinoma and squamous-cell carcinoma

Front 24

rarer but more serious skin cancer

Back 24

malignant melanoma

Front 25

best medicine for skin cancer

Back 25

prevention

Front 26

what skin hair grows from

Back 26

hair follicle

Front 27

the main part of a hair

Back 27

hair shaft

Front 28

smooth muscle cells attached by the hair follicle

Back 28

arrector pili

Front 29

glands which oil the skin

Back 29

sebaceous glands

Front 30

skin oil

Back 30

sebum

Front 31

help regulate body temperature

Back 31

sweat glands

Front 32

openings in the skin

Back 32

pores

Front 33

connect pores and sweat glands

Back 33

sweat ducts

Front 34

signals the sweat glands to produce perspiration

Back 34

hypothalamus

Front 35

burn that destroys the whole thickness of the skin

Back 35

third-degree burn

Front 36

burn that damages only the epidermis

Back 36

first-degree burn

Front 37

burn that reaches into the dermis

Back 37

second-degree burn

Front 38

removal of waste from the body

Back 38

excretion

Front 39

excretes liquid waste

Back 39

excretory system

Front 40

liquid waste

Back 40

urine

Front 41

most important excretory organs

Back 41

kidneys

Front 42

stores urine until it is excreted

Back 42

urinary bladder

Front 43

tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside

Back 43

urethra

Front 44

working units in the kidney

Back 44

nephrons

Front 45

sievelike structure that stop blood cells and proteins from entering the kidneys

Back 45

glomerulus

Front 46

surrounds the glomerulus and collects the water

Back 46

Bowman's capsule

Front 47

long thin tube which filters the water in the kidney

Back 47

renal tubule

Front 48

return of useful molecules to the bloodstream

Back 48

reabsorption

Front 49

enzyme released by the kidneys if blood pressure is too low

Back 49

renin

Front 50

used by the brain to control water reabsorption

Back 50

ADH or antidiuretic hormone

Front 51

invention that helps people with failed kidneys

Back 51

artificial kidney or dialyzer

Front 52

crystallized solids in the kidney

Back 52

kidney stones

Front 53

uric acid accumulated in the body's joints

Back 53

gout

Front 54

infection associated with the kidneys

Back 54

urinary tract infection or UTI

Front 55

separation of different-sized molecules through a membrane

Back 55

dialysis

Front 56

system that releases chemicals into the bloodstream to maintain body functions

Back 56

endocrine system

Front 57

manufacture and secrete things into the blood

Back 57

endocrine glands

Front 58

manufacture and secrete things to the outside of the body

Back 58

exocrine glands

Front 59

"stimulators," or chemical messengers

Back 59

hormones

Front 60

the master gland

Back 60

pituitary gland

Front 61

location of the pituitary gland

Back 61

attached to the hypothalamus

Front 62

growth hormone

Back 62

somatotropin

Front 63

caused by too much somatotropin

Back 63

pituitary gigantism

Front 64

caused by too little somatotropin

Back 64

pituitary dwarfism

Front 65

excessive somatotropin after a normal childhood, caused large hands, feet, and head

Back 65

acromegaly

Front 66

hormones that affect the development of the reproductive organs

Back 66

gonadotropins

Front 67

gland in the neck that regulates body cell's rate of chemical activity

Back 67

thyroid gland

Front 68

hormone that regulates general activities related to metabolism and oxidation

Back 68

throxine

Front 69

determines the rate at which food is changed into energy

Back 69

thyroid gland

Front 70

condition in which children suffer from a deficiency of thyroxine causing them not to grow properly

Back 70

cretinism

Front 71

condition in which an adult's thyroid gland is less active than usual

Back 71

hypothyroidism

Front 72

condition in which the thyroid gland is overactive

Back 72

hyperthyroidism

Front 73

condition in which the neck swells because of lack of iodine

Back 73

simple goiter

Front 74

clumps of endocrine glands in the pancreas, produce insulin and glucagon

Back 74

islets of Langerhans

Front 75

signals the liver and muscles to remove glucose from the blood and store it as glycogen

Back 75

insulin

Front 76

increases the level of sugar in the blood

Back 76

glucagon

Front 77

low blood sugar

Back 77

hypoglycemia

Front 78

disease resulting from inadequate amounts of insulin being produced or incorrect processing of insulin

Back 78

diabetes mellitus

Front 79

glands on top of the kidneys

Back 79

adrenal glands

Front 80

hormone that prepares the body for emergencies

Back 80

epinephrine

Front 81

common name for epinephrine

Back 81

adrenaline

Front 82

lipid molecules produced in the outer shell of the adrenal glands

Back 82

steroids

Front 83

steroid that stimulates the body to repair itself after injury or stress

Back 83

cortisol

Front 84

steroid which stimulates the kidney to conserve sodium and excrete potassium

Back 84

aldosterone

Front 85

reproductive organs

Back 85

gonads

Front 86

female reproductive organs

Back 86

ovaries

Front 87

male reproductive organs

Back 87

testes

Front 88

hormones produced by the ovaries

Back 88

estrogens

Front 89

hormone produced by the testes

Back 89

testosterone

Front 90

eggs and sperms

Back 90

gametes

Front 91

time during which a person becomes sexually mature

Back 91

adolescence

Front 92

growth of hair, change in voice, etc. which occur during adolescence

Back 92

secondary sex characteristics

Front 93

gland between the cerebral hemispheres of the brain, regulates sleep cycle

Back 93

pineal gland

Front 94

hormone that triggers relaxation and sleepiness

Back 94

melatonin