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147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Positional terms: P 15
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otic (ear) buccal (cheek) mental (chin), claviular (collar bone), axillary (arm pit, brachial (arm), antecubital (front of elbow)antebrachial (forearm), etc LOOK at chart
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anatomy=
physiology= |
structure
function of living things |
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types of anatomy:
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gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy
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gross anatomy
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macroscopic anatomy-involves the examinination of relatively large structures and features usually visible w the unaided eye
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approaches to gross anatomy
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Surface anatomy: study of general form and superficial markings. Regional anatomy: anatomical organization of specific areas of the body, such as the head, neck, or trunk, systemic, study of organ systems, developmental anatomy: deals w time between conception and physical maturity.
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subdivisions of microscopic anatomy:
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cytology and histology
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cytology
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the analysis of the structure of individual cells (the simplest units of life)
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histology
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examination of tissues groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform speciif functions
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Types of physiology
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cell physiology, special physiology, systemic physiologic, pathological physiology
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Organization of living things:
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atom, molecule, chemical, organelle, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms AM COCTOOO
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6 characteristics of life
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development, organization, responsiveness, metabolism, growth and Reproduction
DORM Growth and Reproduction |
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negative feedback is...
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the most common regulatory method to maintain homestasis. It makes deviations less or smaller.
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3 components of negative feedback:
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1) Receptor/sensor, 2) Control center (usually brain) 3) effector (can change the variable)
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Serous Membranes:
cover organs= line cavities= |
cover organs = visceral portion
line cavities=parietal portion |
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where is serous fluid found?
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between two layers for lubrication
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4 major body cavities
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cranial, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic
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catalysts have what effect on activation energy?
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reduce the activation energy required
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what are enzymes acting as in the body?
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protein catalysts. They increas the rate of reaction , reduce energy required, are not changed themselves
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Inorganic Chemistry...
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has no carbon skeleton
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pH is a measurement of
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[H+]-acid, base, acidosis, alkalosis, buffers
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Organic chemistry has four types of molecules
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1) carbohydrates, 2)lipids, 3)proteins, 4)nucleic acids
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Enzyme requires additional molecule active site
**cofactors (non-proteins) |
minerals
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Enzyme requires additional molecule Lock and key model-active site
**coenzymes (proteins) |
vitamins
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decomposition reaction
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a reaction that breaks a molecule into smaller fragments AB---A + B
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catabolism
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the breakdown of complex organic molecules into simpler components, accompanied by a release of energy
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synthesis
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the opposite of decomposition It assembles large molecules from smaller components A + B = AB
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endergonic reaction
ergonic reaction |
absorbs energy
releases energy (exo=outside) |
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4 Properties of Water
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1) Solubility, organic and inorganic substances will be soilvent in H20 2) Reactivity Chemical rxns occur in water, ex: hydrolysis and dehydration 3) High heat capacity-the ability to absorb and retain heat due to water molecules in a liquid state are atrratced to one another due to 'H' bonding 4) Lubrication. little friction between water molecules so if two opposing surfaces separated by a layer of water , friction between them is reduced.
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6 classes of lipids
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1) fatty acids
2) Eiconosoids 3) Glycerides 4) steroids 5) phosphlipids and glycolipids |
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7 categories of protein functions
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1) support
2) movement 3) transport 4) buffering 5) metabolic regulation 6) coordination and control 7) defense |
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active transport
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carrier mediated transport-moving against the gradient
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endocytosis
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involves phagocytosis which requires large portions of membrane and pinocytosis
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis (RME) |
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Most common waste molecule formed in the body is
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carbon dioxide
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water is ____ percent of body weight
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50-60%
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3 types of body fluids
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solutions, suspensions, colloids
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3 important cmpds in Inorganic chemistry:
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water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
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What determines the three dimensional structure of large molecules (proteins)?
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Hydrogen bonds
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What are ions called in medical terms?
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electrolytes
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All forms of energy used in the body can be used to generate heat, thus helping us to maintain our body temperature.
T or F |
T
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Identify which of the following is not a function of water in the body.
a. chemical reactions - solvent or reactant b. mixing medium to dissolve materials in the body c. lubricant or other types of protection d. enzyme for chemical reactions e. stabilizing body temperature |
d, enzymes for chemical reaction
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As concentration of [H+] goes up, acidity goes up, and pH goes
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down
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What is the name of the cavity immediately surrounding the heart?
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pericardium
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What is the name for the serous membrane in the abdominal cavity?
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peritoneum
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The type of joint that is surrounded by a joint capsule and filled with fluid?
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synovial
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Structure that connects bone to bone
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ligament
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The small fluid filled structures that cushion between bones and tendons or other structures whose friction could damage tissues
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bursas
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the unique structure that is present in 80% of the population in the ligament of the head of the femur
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blood vessel in fovea capitis
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the structure in the knee joint that functions as cushions between bones
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menisci
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what happens when cell undergoes cell lysis
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cell death
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a human cell that has a flagella
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sperm
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connects muscle to bone
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tendon
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fluid portion of a cell
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cytoplasm
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circular movement in a joint
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circumduction
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Water moves across the cell membrane in response to the concentration gradient
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osmosis
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the specific process in which something moves across a semi-permeable membrane from high to low concentration
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diffusion
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the specific part of a membrane that covers organs
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visceral
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maintenaince of a relatively constant environment
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homeostasis
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largest congle structure in cell contains DNA
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nucleus
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type of cellular division in which cells split their genetic material and two haploid cells (gametes) are produced.
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meiosis
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the type of celluar division in which two identical cells are produced, each with the full number of chromosomes
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mitosis
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the protein in the dead outer layer of cells which provides waterproofing characteristics for the skin
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keratin
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Connective tissue called hemopoetic which is formed in the bone marrow
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blood
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ex. ball and socket joint
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shoulder
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the protein found that waterproofs the skin
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keratin
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the type of joint found in the adjacent bones of the cranial cavity
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suture
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type of secretory glands with no ducts which make their cellular products secrete into the bloodstream for dispersal.
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endocrine
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opposite of endocytosis which expels or secretes substances from the cell
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exocytosis
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secretory glands with ducts through which they secrete their products
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exocrine
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type of connective tissue which provides protection for the body and stores triglycerides for future energy
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adipose
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pigment that causes hair skin and eye color
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melanin
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cell "eats" substances found outside the cell
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phagocytosis
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cells that produce cartilage
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chondroblast
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outside connective tissue surrounding bone
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periosteum
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cells that produce bone
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osteoblast
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cells that maintain bone
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osteocyte
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cells that remodel bone
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osteoclast
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outside connective tissue sheath surrounding cartilage
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perichondrium
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organelle that forms proteins
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ribosome
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internal structural support for individual cells
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cytoskeleton
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active range of motion
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range a joint can move on its own
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passive range of motion
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is when a therapist or other person moves the joint.
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3 types protein fibers in connective tissue
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collagen, reticular, elastic
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3 types cartilage
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hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
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integumentary glands
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sweat, ceruminous, lactiferous, sebaceous
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thick skin
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has no hair, has no stratum lucibum, and is on palmar and plantar
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thin skin
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has hair, is most of the body
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fontanels
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fibers that connect the bones before they fuse
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5 major functions of untegumentary system
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1) vitamin d production, 2)protection of underlying structures, 3)temperature regulation, 4) sensation, 5)excretion
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stage of mitosis where chromosomes become visible
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prophase
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stage of mitosis where duplicate chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
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metaphase
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stage of mitosis where chromatids separate and start moving to opposite poles
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anaphase
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state of mitosis in which two distinct nuclei are visible
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telephase
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3 types of cartilage
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hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
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Intramembranous ossification
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starts with connective tissue, throguh interstitial and appositional growth becomes bone
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endochondral ossification
page 176-177 |
starts with hyaline cartilage. Osteoblasts hypertrophy, the cartilage gradually is calcified as osteotypes die. Eventually, blood vessels enter the center.
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thick skin vs thin skin
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thick skin does not have hair, does not have the stratum lucidum, and covers the hands and soles of feet.
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theories of aging
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Death gene, at a certain age a "death gene" is activated. Mitochondrialdamage from free radicals, DNA damage- againg cells lack telomerase, ehich protects the telomeres that fight DNA damage, free radicals may also damage DNA,
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2 major layers of the skin
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epidermis, dermis
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4 things that can change skin color
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melanin, carotene, amt of oxygen in blood, skin thickness
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nutrients required for bone growth
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vit c, vit d, protein
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characteristics associated with life
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growth metabolism reproduction, organization, responsiveness, "DORM growth and responsiveness"
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fontanels
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membrannous areas in a newborn that make the head flexible for birth, suture fill in the gaps later
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5 functions of integumentary sytem
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vit d production, protection,
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4 ways molecules/ions can pass through the plasma membrane
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1) directly thru phospholipids membrane 2) membrane (protein) channels (pores) Each channel is specific for one molecule- Na K etc. 3) carrier molecules 4) vesicles
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how do the number and type of organelles reflect the structure's specialized function?
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for example, a muscle cell would need more ATP than a cheek cell, so it would have a lot more mitochondria.
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what 3 things does cytosol have in it?
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fluid, cytoskeleton, cytoplasmic inclusions (liquid drops of glycogen to store energy)
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lipochromes
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age pigment
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hemoglobin transports
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gases, melanin, and lipochromes
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osmotic pressure
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force to prevent water movement by osmosis across a membrane
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what are three kinds of mediated transport?
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facilitated diffusion (requires no energy but a carrier molecule, active transport (requires ATP), secondary active transport (co-transport and counter transport)
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necropsy
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examination of dead non-human body
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histology
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study of tissues under microscope
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3 types of extra cellular matrix
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protein fibers, ground substance, fluid
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6 classes of adult connective Tissue
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1) Loose (AREOLAR), connects skin to fat layer
2)dense (Irregular: collagenous, or elastic; Regular: collagenous or elastic 3) Special adipose (yellow or brown), and reticular 4) Cartilage-chondrocytes 5) Bone 6) Hemopoietic tissue (bone marrow) and blood |
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With movement, what happens to mucle tissue?
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it contracts or shortens
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action potentials
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electrical activity in nervous tissue
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2 types of nervous tissue cells
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neuron and neuroglia
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Neuroglia
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ANYTHING THAT SUPPORTS A NEURON
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hypodermis is also called
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sub Q tissue. It is not a part of the skin
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3 main causes of skin color
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pigments: melanin & carotene,
blood volume: dilation, contraction thickness |
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3 types of hair
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lanugo, terminal, vellus
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hair structure
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shaft, root, matrix
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What are nails made of
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stratum corneum with hard keratin
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2 major parts of the nail
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nail root and nail body
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3 changes that occur with aging
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decrease bone density,
decrease in collagen in skin and decreased elasticity decreased swaet gland activity |
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4 components of the skeletal system
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bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments
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2 types of cartilage growth
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appositional and interstitial
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3 parts of bone
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diaphysis, epiphysis, epiphyseal plate
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bones grow only by _______ growth
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appositional
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appositional growth
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formation of new bone on surface of older bone
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factors affecting bone growth
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genetics, nutrition, vit d, vit c, hormones (GH, thyroid, sex)
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how many bones are in the skull?
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22 seperate bones plus 6 auditory ossicles (3 on each side)
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ligamentum nuchae
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keeps head erect, elastic ligament
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mastoid process
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contains air cells of the middle ear
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what is the purpose of the nasal conchae in nasal cavity
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increase surface area in nasal cavity, clean warm and humidify air
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purpose of the paranasal cavities
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decrease the weight of the skull
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calvaria
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dome of the skull
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crista galli
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meninges attachment
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sella turcica
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turkish saddle, holds the pituitary gland (roof of the mouth)
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foramen magnum
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spinal cord attaches to brain
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occipital condyles articulate with ----
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atlas (yes joint)
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vertebral colum has ___ bones in ____ regions
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26; 5
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intervertebral discs are made of
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fibrocartilage
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we have ____ pairs of ribs
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12, 7 costal connect directly with the sternum
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_____ is clinical landmark for CPR
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Xiphoid process
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joint in ankle
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talocrural joint
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sesamoid bones
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small bones located within tendons
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