A And P Ii (Test1)

Front 1

Central Nervous System

Back 1

Consists of the brain and the spinal cord.

Fibers can be called "central fibers" if they extend from cell body into the central nervous system

Front 2

Peripheral Nervous System

Back 2

They lie in the outer regions and have 2 types:
- cranial nerves: nerves that originate form the brain
-spinal nerves: nerves that originate from the spinal cord

Fibers can be called "peripheral fibers" if they originate form cell body and go away from the CNS

Front 3

Afferent Divisions

Back 3

Consists of all the incoming sensory or afferent pathways. (carry towards)

Front 4

Efferent Divisions

Back 4

Consists of all the outgoing motor pathways.(carry away)

Front 5

Somatic Nervous System

Back 5

The somatic intergration center is located in the brain where the afferent signals are received and appropriate efferent signals are sent out via effectors.

For SNS, the effectors go to the skeletal muscles

Front 6

Autonomic Nervous System

Back 6

Signals are received from smooth, cardiac, and glands.

It governs itself, "auto", but it is influenced by the mind.

Front 7

Two pathways of ANS

Back 7

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic.

Sympathetic division gets its pathways from the middle portion of the spinal cord. Involved in immediate threats to self, "flight/fight" response.

Parasympathetic: This pathway exists from either the brain or lower portion of spinal cord. It is involved in body's normal activities "rest and repair"

Front 8

Neurons

Back 8

One of the two main types of cells that compose of the NS.

They are excitable cells that conduct impulses. "wiring" of the NS

Front 9

Glia

Back 9

also called glial cells.
They insulate neruons.

5 major types: Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, schwann cells

Front 10

Astrocytes

Back 10

"star shaped". most numerous. help to feed neurons by capturing glucose from blood and converting it to lactic acid for cellular respiration

These bound together form the Blood-Brain-Barrier. The "feets" of these wrap around capillaries

Found only in the CNS

Front 11

Microglia

Back 11

Small/stationary cells in the CNS.

These cells enlarge and engulf (phagocytosis) damaged/degenerated brain tissue.

Front 12

Ependymal cells

Back 12

They look like epithelial cells. They line the cavities that are fluid filled in the brain and spinal cord.

Some of these help in producing the fluid, while others have cilla that help move the fluid around.

Front 13

Oligodendrocytes

Back 13

They are smaller and have fewer processes than astrocytes.

They either lie clustered around cell body/arranged in rows between nerve fibers.

They help to hold nerve fibers together, and produce myelin sheaths around the nerve fibers

Front 14

Schwann cells

Back 14

found on in PNS.

They are like oligodendrocyte, but for the peripheral.

they support nerve fibers, and form myelin sheaths

Front 15

Nodes of Ranvier

Back 15

These are the microscopic gaps between the schwann cells. important for conduction of impulses.

Front 16

Myelinated/unmyelinated

Back 16

Myelinated fiber cells: have a thick myelin sheath around it/white fibers

unmyelinated fiber cells: when the nerve fibers are held by a single schwann cell

ONLY axons can be myelinated, dendrities are not

Front 17

Satellite cell

Back 17

surrounds a cell body of a neuron, support.

Front 18

Neurons

Back 18

Consists of a cell body, axon, and dendrities.

Dendrities and axons are also collectively referred to as "nerve fibers"

Front 19

Cell body

Back 19

contains many of the organells that normal cells have.

cytoplasm extends throughout the two processes.

plasma membrane encloses the entire neuron.

Front 20

organells in neurons

Back 20

the ER make proteins including neurotransmitters

the mitochondria replicate and bring ATP to the end of axon for energy for nerve signaling.

Front 21

Dendrities

Back 21

"tree like" projections that receive signals that stimulate neuronal responses.

Telodendria: distal tips of axons

Front 22

Axon hillock

Back 22

The fanned out portion of the cell body which extends into the axon.

Summation zone, where the cell body adds together all the different stimulus that have been contributed -- the "trigger zone"

Front 23

Axon collaterals

Back 23

even though a cell body can only have one axon, this axon can have one or more side branches.

This is what these side branches are called

Front 24

Telodendria

Back 24

these are located at the more distal ends of the axons

Front 25

synaptic knob

Back 25

This is located at the very end of the telodendria, and this is where the axons terminate.

they contain mitochondria and vesicles

Front 26

Factors that affect conduction

Back 26

a) diameter of the axon

b) whether it is myelinated or not

c) nodes of ranvier

Front 27

Neurofibrils

Back 27

These are fine strands that extend through the cytoplasm of each neuron, made of intermediate filaments called neurofilaments.

These helps with support, and provides like a railroad for transport of organelles throughout the neuron.

Front 28

Axonal transport

Back 28

The use of these neurofibrils by the motor molecules to move the neurotransmitters and organelles to the end of the axons, and then it comes back again empty after transportation.

Front 29

Multipolar neurons

Back 29

Several dendrities, and one axon.

Most numerous in brain and spinal cord

Front 30

Bipolar neurons

Back 30

One axon, and only one higly branched dendritie.

this type is the least numerous in the body. It is found in the retina of the eye, inner ear, and olfactory pathway

Front 31

Unipolar neurons

Back 31

there is a single long process, with a cell body in the middle.

Has a central process (which extends towards CNS), and a peripheral process (extends towards PNS)

These are always sensory neurons, and conduct information towards the CNS

Front 32

Axon Hillock

Back 32

It is the fanned out portion of the cell body which extends into the axon.

Front 33

Axon collaterals

Back 33

Axon branches. Even though each cell body only has one axon, each axon can have branches called these.

Front 34

Telodendria

Back 34

The distal ends (end) of the axons, these terminate in a "synaptic knob".

Front 35

Synaptic knob

Back 35

the termination of an axon, found on telodendria.

These contain mitochondria and numerous vesicles.

Front 36

Factors that affect the level of conduction

Back 36

a) diameter of the axon

b) whether axons are myelinated or not

Front 37

Three layers of membranes

Back 37

Meninges

1) Dura mater
2) Arachoid mater
3) Pia mater

Front 38

Three important functions of dura mater

Back 38

1) Falx cerebri: Kind of partition between the two hemispheres of the cerebrum

2) Falx cerebelli: separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

3) Tentorium cerebelli: this separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum.

Front 39

Dural sinuses

Back 39

venous reservoirs which collect blood from brain tissues on its way back to the heart.

Front 40

ventricles

Back 40

These are the ventricles and the way that the cerebrospinal fluid is in the brain cavities.

There are 4 of them: lateral are on either sides of the hemisphere.

the third: thin ventricle pocket that is located below the later ventricles

fourth: a tiny diamond shape located on the backside of the cerebullum.

Front 41

passages between ventricles

Back 41

interventricular foramen: is between the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle

cerebral aqueduct: is the way the fluid gets to forth ventricle from the third ventricle.

from 4th venticle: the fluid branches to either the spinal cord or to the brain side (cisterna magna or median foramea)

Front 42

Left and Right sides of spinal cord

Back 42

Anterior median fissure: deeper and wider than the two fissures.

posterior median sulcus

Front 43

Nerve roots

Back 43

Two bundles of nerve fibers project from each side of the spinal cord.

Front 44

Dorsal and ventricle nerve root

Back 44

Dorsal: these are located in the posterior/back of the spinal cord, and it brings in sensory information. These are unipolar neurons. And the cell bodies of these are called "dorsal root ganglion"

Ventral: in the front, it carries motor neurons out of the spinal cord. And they are made of multipolar neurons are consist of most of the grey matter

Front 45

Spinal nerve

Back 45

on each side the dorsal and the ventral nerve combine together to form this, mixed nerve.

Front 46

Conus Medullaris

Back 46

This is where the spinal cord ends, at verterbra L1, in a tapered cone. Many nerve roots extends out of this area, looking like a horse's tail

Front 47

Cauda Equina

Back 47

This is what the horse tail like nerve roots are called that extend out of the conus medullaris.

This is also the region where the filum terminale is formed from the spinal meninges.

Front 48

Dorsal (posterior) nerve root

Back 48

These carry sensory information from body to spinal cord.

It's cell bodies lie in the dorsal root ganglion and are all unipolar

Front 49

Ventral (anterior) nerve root

Back 49

These carry motor information from spinal cord to the body. These neurons are all mutipolar and their cell bodies lay in the grey matter in spinal cord

Front 50

Conus medullaris

Back 50

This is the region where spinal cord ends, at L1.

Many nerve roots extend from this area (cauda equina) .. It'd from this that filum terminale is formed from the meninges

Front 51

Columns in the grey matter of spinal cord

Back 51

There are anterior, lateral, and posterior gray columns.

Theses are also referred to as "horns" when viewed in cross section.

Front 52

Gray commissure

Back 52

This is the band on the middle the gray area of spinal cord that joins the left and right columns.

This is also the region where the central canal goes through which carries the cerebrospinal fluid.

Front 53

Funiculi

Back 53

The name given to the columns of white matter which are divided into three: lateral, posterior, and anterior.

This part made up of axons divided into smaller bundles called spinal tracts.

Front 54

Lateral spinothalamic tract

Back 54

Crude touch, pain, and temperature

Front 55

Anterior spinothalamic tracts

Back 55

Crude touch and pressure

Front 56

Fasciculi gracious/cuneatus tracts

Back 56

Discriminates touch and conscious sensation of position and movement of body (kinesthesia)

Front 57

Spinocerebellar tracts

Back 57

Subconscious kinesthesia

Front 58

Medulla oblongata

Back 58

It's almost an enlargement of thr spinal cord that sits on top of foramen magnum.

Has white matter (projection tracts) and reticular formation (mixture of white and grey)

Has pyramids and olive

Front 59

Pons

Back 59

Has white matter ans reticular formation.

Front 60

Midbrain

Back 60

Contains white matter and reticular formation and has two rope masses of white matter called "cerebral peduncles"

The cerebral peduncles and tracts conduct impulses between midbrain and cerebrum.

Front 61

Corpora quadrigrmina

Back 61

This structure is part of the midbrain, located in the posterior portion, underneath cerebellum.

It contains 2 inferior colliculi and 2 superior colliculi. These are located in the posterior view of brain stem.

Inferior: certain auditory centers are located here
Superior: visual centers

Front 62

Red nucleus and substantia nigra

Back 62

This is also part of thr midbrain.

These consists of cluster of cell bodies that are involved in muscular control.