A And P Final Study Guide

Front 1

Coronary Arteries

Back 1

- aortas first branches
** openings are behind flaps of aortic semi lunar valve

Front 2

Where does the blood flow by way of coronary arteries?

Back 2

into the heart muscle.

Front 3

Pulmonary Circulation

Back 3

heart pumps blood to LUNGS

Front 4

Systemic Circulation

Back 4

heart pumps blood to rest of the BODY

Front 5

Conduction System

Back 5

1. SA node
2. AV node
3. Bundle of his
4. Purkinje fibers

Front 6

Sinoatrial Node/SA node

Back 6

"pacemaker"
- located wall of right atrium near entrance of superior vena cava.
- initiates impulses for atria to contract.

Front 7

Atrioventricular node/AV node

Back 7

located floor of right atrium
- conducts SLOW impulses for atria to contract before ventricles contract.

Front 8

Bundle of his/AV bundle

Back 8

impulses travel through these right and left branches to apex of heart.
- forms into purkinje fibers

Front 9

Purkinje Fibers

Back 9

transmits impulses to ventricular myocardium
- VENTRICLES CONTRACT

Front 10

Layers of the Vessels

Back 10

tunica externa
tunica media
tunica intima

Front 11

Tunica Externa

Back 11

outermost layer
connective tissue
- reinforces wall of vessel so it doesnt burst under pressure.

Front 12

Tunica Media

Back 12

middle layer
smooth muscle
- critical role in maintaining blood pressure and controlling blood distribution
- resists pressures of ventricular systole

Front 13

Tunica Intima

Back 13

inner layer
endothelium

Front 14

Atria/Atrium (right and left)

Back 14

upper chambers, smaller and thinner, and are the RECEIVING CHAMBERS- they recieve blood.

Front 15

Ventricles (right and left)

Back 15

lower chambers, bigger and more muscular, and are the DISCHARGING CHAMBERS- blood exits.

Front 16

Myocardium

Back 16

cardiac muscle tissue that makes up each chamber

Front 17

Interatrial septum

Back 17

separates atria

Front 18

Interventricular septum

Back 18

separates ventricles

Front 19

Endocardium

Back 19

lines the chambers

Front 20

Pericardium

Back 20

covering of the heart

Front 21

Visceral Pericardium/epicardium

Back 21

inner layer of pericardium

Front 22

Parietal Pericardium

Back 22

outer layer of pericardium

Front 23

Mediastinum

Back 23

region between pleural sacs, contains heart and thoracic viscera minus the lungs

Front 24

Upper Respiratory Tract

Back 24

Nose, pharynx, larynx
"head cold"

Front 25

Lower Respiratory Tract

Back 25

trachea, bronchial tree, lungs
"chest cold"

Front 26

Alveoli

Back 26

thin walled sacs at end of bronchial branches.
FUNCTION: gas exchange between air and blood.

Front 27

Nose

Back 27

contains external nares and nasal septum.
FUNCTION: moisten/humidify air.

Front 28

Paranasal Sinuses

Back 28

spaces inside the frontal bones close to nose and drain to nasal cavities.
FUNCTION: serve as chambers for production of sound.

Front 29

Conchae

Back 29

3 shelf like structures in nasal cavity.
FUNCTION: increases surface over which air flows and humidifies it.

Front 30

Pharynx

Back 30

THROAT
FUNCTION: air and food passage

Front 31

3 portions of the Pharynx

Back 31

nasopharynx- uppermost
oropharynx- behind mouth
laryngopharynx- lowest

Front 32

Larynx

Back 32

VOICE BOX, below pharynx, contains adams apple and vocal cords.
FUNCTION: closes during swallowing/prevents food from entering trachea

Front 33

Glottis

Back 33

space between vocal cords

Front 34

Epiglottis

Back 34

covers opening of the larynx.

Front 35

Trachea

Back 35

WINDPIPE, extends larynx to bronchi.
FUNCTION: passage for air to go to lungs, production/movement of mucus by trapping and eliminating airborne contaminants.

Front 36

Bronchi

Back 36

branches of trachea, kept open with rings of cartilage for air passage, branch into bronchioles

Front 37

Alveoli

Back 37

make up aveolar sacs, promotes exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and air.

Front 38

Respiratory Membrane

Back 38

thin barrier between blood and air of each alveolus.

Front 39

Surfactant

Back 39

covers each alveolus, helps reduce surface tension, and helps alveolus from collapsing when air moves in and out.

Front 40

Lungs

Back 40

right lung- 3 lobes
left lung- 2 lobes
are located under collarbone in mediastinum.

Front 41

Diaphragm

Back 41

inspiratory muscle, separates abdominal cavity from thoracic cavity

Front 42

Role of Diaphragm

Back 42

flattens when it contracts during inspiration and moves down to abdominal cavity, MOST IMPORTANT MUSCLE OF INSPIRATION

Front 43

Visceral Pleura

Back 43

covers the lungs

Front 44

Parietal Pleura

Back 44

lines walls of thoracic cavity

Front 45

What are chemoreceptors?

Back 45

specialized receptors located in carotid and aortic bodies, are sensitive to blood carbon dioxide level, blood oxygen levels, and blood acid levels.

Front 46

What is the role of the Chemoreceptors?

Back 46

send nerve impulses to the respiratory centers which modify respiratory rates.

Front 47

Tonsils

Back 47

masses of lymphatic tissue located in the pharynx.

Front 48

Pharyngeal tonsils

Back 48

ADENOIDS (when swollen) and are in nasapharynx

Front 49

Palatine Tonsils

Back 49

in the oropharynx

Front 50

What are the 5 types of white blood cells?

Back 50

1. neutrophils
2. eosinophils
3. basophils
4. b lymphocytes
5. t lymphocytes

Front 51

Neutrophils

Back 51

phagocytosis- engulfing/digesting bacteria

Front 52

Eosinophils

Back 52

play role in allergic reactions and PARASITES

Front 53

Basophils

Back 53

inflammatory response- release histamine during tissue damage.

Front 54

Monocytes

Back 54

phagocytosis- engulfing/digesting bacteria, second to neutrophils

Front 55

Lymphocytes

Back 55

antibody formation- protein that combats invaders/antigens.

Front 56

B Lymphocytes

Back 56

search, identify, and bind with specific antigens.
antibody production

Front 57

T Lymphocytes

Back 57

when exposed to antigen they divide and produce new t cells that are sensitized to antigen.

Front 58

Erythroblastosis

Back 58

caused by mothers Rh antibodies reacting with the baby's Rh positive cells.

Front 59

What is the preventative treatment for Erythroblastosis

Back 59

RhoGAM- stops mothers body from forming anti-Rh antibodies and prevents harm to baby.

Front 60

Rh Factor

Back 60

classifies blood as either Rh positive or Rh negatives.
EX. O+

Front 61

Universal Donor Blood

Back 61

O

Front 62

Universal Recipient Blood

Back 62

AB

Front 63

Spleen

Back 63

located in the upper left quadrant of abdomen, largest lymphoid organ.

Front 64

Functions of the Spleen

Back 64

- blood reservoir- contains 1 pint of store blood.
- removes bacteria by filtration/phagocytosis
- destroys worn out RBCs and salvages iron.

Front 65

Electrocardiogram ECG

Back 65

graphic record of heart's electrical activity

Front 66

P Wave (ECG)

Back 66

depolarization (contraction) of atria

Front 67

QRS Complex (ECG)

Back 67

depolarization (contraction) of ventricles

Front 68

T Wave (ECG)

Back 68

repolarization (relaxation) of ventricles

Front 69

Active Immunity

Back 69

a person's own immune system responds to harmful agents.
Ex. child gets measles and acquires immunity to a second infection.

Front 70

Homeostasis

Back 70

relative uniformity of the normal body's internal environment

Front 71

Hemostasis

Back 71

the stoppage of bleeding.

Front 72

Chemical stimulant that regulates respirations

Back 72

carbon dioxide

Front 73

What is the function of the liver for prothrombin synthesis??

Back 73

prothrombin is a plasma protein formed by liver cells and they play an essential role in blood clotting. VITAMIN K STIMULATES LIVER CELLS TO INCREASE SYNTHESIS OF PROTHROMBIN.

Front 74

Atrioventricular Valves/AV Valves

Back 74

separate atrial chambers above from the ventricles.
- Mitral Valve
- Tricuspid Valve

Front 75

Mitral Valve

Back 75

between left atrium and left ventricle

Front 76

Tricuspid Valve

Back 76

between right atrium and right ventricle

Front 77

Function of Atrioventricular Valves

Back 77

prevent backflow of blood into the atria when ventricles contract.

Front 78

Chordae Tendineae

Back 78

attach AV valves to the wall of the heart

Front 79

Semilunar Valves/SL Valves

Back 79

between two ventricular chambers and the large aorta and pulmonary arteries, open and close at same time.

Front 80

Pulmonary Semilunar Valves

Back 80

located at beginning of pulmonary artery, allows blood going to lungs to flow out of right ventricle with no back flow.

Front 81

Aortic Semilunar Valves

Back 81

located at beginning of aorta, allows blood to flow out of left ventricle up into the aorta and prevents back flow.

Front 82

Systole

Back 82

contraction

Front 83

Diastole

Back 83

relaxation of semilunar valves.

Front 84

Arteries

Back 84

carry blood away from the heart towards capillaries, CARRY OXYGENATED BLOOD.

Front 85

Capillaries

Back 85

carry blood from arterioles into venules.

Front 86

Veins

Back 86

carry blood toward the heart, DEOXYGENATED BLOOD.

Front 87

Venules

Back 87

increase in size and become veins.

Front 88

Functions of Arteries

Back 88

- distribute nutrients/gases, move blood under pressure, and assist in maintaining arterial blood pressure.

Front 89

Functions of Capillaries

Back 89

serve as exchange vessels for nutrients, fluids, and wastes.

Front 90

Functions of Veins

Back 90

collect blood for return to the heart, are low pressure vessels.

Front 91

Cardiac Output

Back 91

volume of blood pumped by one ventricle per minute, 5 liters normal adult

Front 92

Stroke Volume

Back 92

volume of blood ejected from ventricles during each beat.

Front 93

Internal Respiration

Back 93

exchange of gases that occurs between blood in capillaries and body cells, DIFFUSION

Front 94

External Respiration

Back 94

exchange of gases between blood and alveolar air, DIFFUSION

Front 95

Intercostal Muscles

Back 95

expiratory muscles, when they contract they depress the rib cage and DECREASE size of thorax. EXPIRATION=DECREASE IN THORAX.

Front 96

Inspiratory Muscles

Back 96

diaphragm and external costal muscles

Front 97

Hematocrit

Back 97

measure of the total blood volume made up by RBCs, used to monitor RBC VOLUME.
Normal Range- Male 42-52% female- 37-47%

Front 98

Hemoglobin

Back 98

a compound in the blood that carries oxygen to cells.
Normal level: male 14-18, female 12-16

Front 99

Total White Blood Cell Count

Back 99

total number of WBCs per cubic millimeter of whole blood.
- Normal Range- 5,000-9,000

Front 100

Differential White Blood Cell Count

Back 100

an exam in which all the different WBCs are counted and reported as percentages of the total examined.

Front 101

Inspiratory Muscles

Back 101

diaphragm and external costal muscles

Front 102

Hematocrit

Back 102

measure of the total blood volume made up by RBCs, used to monitor RBC VOLUME.
Normal Range- Male 42-52% female- 37-47%

Front 103

Hemoglobin

Back 103

a compound in the blood that carries oxygen to cells.
Normal level: male 14-18, female 12-16

Front 104

Total White Blood Cell Count

Back 104

total number of WBCs per cubic millimeter of whole blood.
- Normal Range- 5,000-9,000

Front 105

Differential White Blood Cell Count

Back 105

an exam in which all the different WBCs are counted and reported as percentages of the total examined.