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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are the types of muscle?
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smooth muscle
skeletal muscle (striated) cardiac muscle (striated) (intercalated discs) |
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What are the four characteristics that allow muscles to function?
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excitability
contractility extensibility elasticity |
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What are four important functions of muscle tissue?
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Produce movement
Maintain Posture Stabilize joints Produce heat |
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What is each skeletal muscle composed of?
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each skeletal muscle is an organ
composed of skeletal muscle tissue, nervous tissue, blood, connective tissue |
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What are three types of connective tissue involved in muscle function?
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Fascia separate individual muscles
Tendons connect muscles to bones Aponeuroses connect muscles to muscles all are dense connective tissue |
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What are the 3 connective tissue coverings?
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epimysium, surrounds muscles
perimysium, separates muscles into fascicles endomysium, surrounds individual muscle fibers |
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What are myofibrils
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threadlike proteins that provide striations
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What are the proteins that form thick and thin filaments?
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Actin = thin
Myosin = thick |
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What is a sarcomere?
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Functional unit of a muscle
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What is a neuromuscular junction?
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Place where the nervous system and muscle system meet
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Axon of a motor neuron attached to a motor end plate
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What are 4 parts of a neuromuscular junction?
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Synapse
Synaptic cleft Synaptic vesicles Neurotransmitters |
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What is acetylcholine (Ach)
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A neurotransmitter that causes a muscle impulse
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What do calcium ions do in a muscle?
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bind to the troponin , changing its shape, this alters the position of the tropomysin, exposing the actin binding sites
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What is the function of actin and myosin?
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They bind and the muscle contracts.
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What is the sliding filament model of muscle contraction?
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Thick and thin filaments slide past each other causing sarcomeres to shorten
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What is the cross bridge cycle?
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Myosin cross bridge attaches to the actin binding site, then pivots, moving the actin filament (power stroke)
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calcium ions released from sarcoplasmic reticulum, bind to troponin,
ADP and Pi are released from myosin ATP binds to myosin, weakening the actin-myosin crossbridge, then splits into ADP and Pi, releasing energy Myosin cross-bridge goes back to its original position (high energy position) |
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What are the 5 phases of muscle relaxation?
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Acetylcholinesterase decomposes Ach
stimulation to sarcolemma and muscle fiber ceases calcium ions move back into sarcoplasmic reticulum actin and myosin binding stops muscle relaxes |
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What is threshold stimulus?
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minimal strength of a stimulus to cause a contraction
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What is a muscle twitch?
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contractile response of a single muscle fiber
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What is the latent period?
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length of time between stimulation and contraction
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What is the all-or-none response?
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Once threshold stimulus is reached, muscle fiber tends to contract completely.
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generates the same force, but the force of the whole muscle must vary
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What are the 3 types of muscle contractions?
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Isotonic, muscle contracts and changes length
Isometric, muscle contracts but does not change length Muscle tone, continuous state of partial contraction |
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What are the 3 ways ATP is regenerated in a muscle?
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Direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate
glycolysis aerobic respiration |
CP is stored in muscles to quickly convert ADP to ATP
glycolysis produces net 2 ATP aerobic respiration produces net 32 ATP |
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What are the characteristics of slow-twitch fibers?
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Oxidative
resistant to fatigue red , good blood supply many mitochondria |
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What are the characteristics of fast-twitch glycolytic fibers?
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White , poor blood supply
susceptible to fatigue contract rapidly |
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What are intermediate fibers?
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Fast twitch fatigue resistant fibers
pink to red oxidative |
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What is oxygen debt?
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components used must be paid back, creatine, myoglobin
pyruvic acid from glycolysis converted to lactic acid |
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What is muscle fatigue?
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muscle's inability to contract
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thought to be caused by ion imbalances across the sarcolemma, decreased blood flow, buildup of lactic acid
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What are cramps?
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sustained involuntary muscle contraction
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appear to result from decreased electrolyte concentration in extracellular fluid
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How is smooth muscle different from skeletal muscle?
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fibers are shorter
singular nucleus elongated with tapering ends lack striations lack transverse tubules sarcoplasmic reticula not well developed |
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What is origin?
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More immovable end of muscle
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What is insertion?
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More movable end of muscle
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What is a prime mover or agonist?
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has the primary responsibility for movement
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What are synergists?
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assist the prime mover
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What is an antagonist?
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resists the prime mover's action
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What are the 3 overlapping functions of the nervous system?
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Sensory input
Integration Motor output |
Integration is moment by moment decision making about sensory information
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What are the parts of the central nervous system?
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Brain and spinal cord
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What are the parts of the peripheral nervous system?
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cranial nerves
spinal nerves (outside of the brain and spinal cord) |
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What does the sensory division of the peripheral nervous system do?
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gets sensory info and delivers it to the cns
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What does the somatic division of the motor division of the peripheral nervous system do?
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carries info to glands and skeletal muscles from CNS
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What does the autonomic division of the motor division of the peripheral nervous system do?
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carries info to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
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What are neuroglia cells?
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small cells that wrap around the neurons
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What are neurons?
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The structural units of then nervous system
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What are astrocytes?
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type of neuroglia cell in the CNS
most abundant help determine capillary permeability connect neurons to blood vessels mop up excess ions and neurotransmitters |
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what are microglia?
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they monitor neuron health and move toward damaged cells
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what are ependymal cells?
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they are cilliated cells found in the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord, they circulate CSF
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what are oligodendrocytes?
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they produce myelin sheaths for CNS neurons
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what are satellite cells?
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like astrocytes to PNS
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what are schwann cells?
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produce myelin sheaths for PNS neurons
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what are the 3 structural classifications of neurons?
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multipolar
bipolar unipolar |
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what is the voltage of a polarized neuron?
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around 70 millivolts
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what are graded potentials?
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short lived localized membrane changes
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what are action potentials?
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the primary way neurons send information over long distances
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electrical changes is from +30 to -70 millivolts Na+ open, then Na+close, then K+ open
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what is threshold potential?
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the depolarization level needed to initiate an action potential
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what is the trigger zone?
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the portion of the axon where a nerve impulse originates (axonal hillock)
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how does synaptic transmission work?
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when an action potential passes over a synaptic knob, contents of synaptic vesicles are released because of the presence of calcium ions
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what is summation?
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the summing up of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP) and excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)
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what are the functions of the central nervous system?
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interprets sensatios
determines perception stores memory reasoning/decision making coordinates muscular movements regulates visceral activity determines personality |
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what are the major parts of the brain
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cerebrum
diencephalon brainstem cerebellum |
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what are the subdivisions of the cerebrum
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hemispheres
white and gray matter basal nuclei |
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what are the divisions of the diencephalon?
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thalamus and hypothalamus
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what are the divisions of the brainstem
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midbrain
pons medulla oblongata |
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what are gyri
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bumps
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what are sulci
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grooves
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what is the longitudinal fissure
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the point of separations of the 2 brain hemispheres
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what is the transverse cerebral fissure?
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separates cerebrum from cerebellum
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what is the corpus callosum
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the connection between cerebral hemispheres
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what are the functions of the cerebrum?
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interpreting impulses
initiating voluntary movements storing memory retreiving memories reasoning seat of intelligence |
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what is the cerebral cortex
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thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebrum that contains the concious mind
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what are the 3 kinds of functional areas of the cerebral cortex?
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sensory
motor association |
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where is dopamine produced?
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basal nuclei
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how many pair of cranial nerves arise from the brain?
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12
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how many spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord?
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31 pair
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what is a dorsal root (posterior or sensory root)
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axons of sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglion
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what is the dorsal root ganglion?
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cell bodies of sensory neurons whose axons conduct impulses inward from peripheral body parts
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what is the ventral root (anterior or motor root)?
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axons of motor neurons whose cell bodies are located in the spinal cord
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what is a spinal nerve?
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union of a ventral and dorsal root
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what is a nerve plexus?
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a complex network formed from anterior branches of spinal nerves
fibers from varius spinal nerves are sorted and recombined |
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what is a dermatome?
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area of skin that a particular spinal nerve innervates
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what is the reflex are?
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complete pathway through the nervous system from stimulus to response
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what are the 5 parts of the nervous system involved in a reflex arc?
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receptor
sensory neuron central neuron motor neuron effector |
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what are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
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sympathetic (fight or flight)
parasympathetic (rest and digest) |
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