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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nervous System Purpose
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Interpretation of Sensation
Reasoning and Understanding Initiation of Thought Control of body functions at unconscious level |
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Central Nervous System
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Brain and Spinal Cord
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Peripheral Nervous System-
divisions |
somatic- voluntary control of skeletal muscle; acetylcholine is neurotransmitter
autonomic- involuntary control of smooth and cardiac muscle and glands |
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Autonomic Nervous System
Division |
Sympathetic- norepinephrine; thoracic and lumbar
Parasympathetic- acetylcholine; cranial and sacral |
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Neuron
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strucural and functional unit of nervous system
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Parts of Neuron
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Cell body; axon and dendrites; some myelin
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Neurilemma
where contacts axon importance what NS |
covers myelin
node of ranvier repair damage of nerve process pns |
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Direction of impulse
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dendrite to axon
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Neuroglia
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nervous tissues cells, not neurons- support, protect, and blood-brain barrier
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Schwann Cells
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in PNS synthesize and secrete myelin
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Oligodendrocytes
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synthesizes and secretes myelin in CNS
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Transmission of substance
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from terminal end of axon across synapse to another neuron or effector organ
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Neurotransmitters at synapse
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neuron signaled, vesicles released, diffuse and bind to second cell receptors, thrshold reached seond cell changes membrane permeability
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Neuron at rest
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membrane polarized; outer positve charge; Na ions concentrated outside and channels allowing movement are closed; threshold reached, chanels open Na floods cell; overall + charge on outside repels K ions which would otherwise diffuse
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When threshold stimulus received
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Na channels open and ions flood in, reversing e-gradient,
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Overall Positive CHarge on outside of cell
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repels K ions which otherwise would move through open channels in response to diffusion
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Depolarization
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action potential, message impulse at that point on neuron membrane
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Polarity restored
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K ions diffused out of cell after Na channels close again- repolarization
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Action Potential
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along axon, adjacent area depolarized and repolarized- domino effect; threshold reach, AP down neuron passed to next neuron
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Saltatory Conduction
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in myelinated neurons, AP conducted from one node to another; membrane channels conentrated at nodes
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Cerebrospinal fluid
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ECF in CNS
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Plasma
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ECF in blood vessels
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Interstitial Fluid
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ECF, tissue fluid around cells
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Lymph
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ECF in lymphatic vessels
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Filtrate
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ECF in kidney tubules
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Ventricles
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4 hollow portions of brain contain cerebrospinal fluid
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Meninges
Layers Where Inflammation |
dura matter, arachnoid, pia mater
surround CNS Meningitis |
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Gray Matter
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unmyelinated nervous tissue; superficial in brain, deep in spinal cord
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White Matter
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Myelinated tissue;
superficial in spinal cord, deep in brain |
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12 Cranial Nerves
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Olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, auditory, glossopharyneal, vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal
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Spinal cord nerves
# of pairs termination area continuation name exit and enter area |
31 pairs
lumbar region cauda equina in pairs through intervertebral foramina |
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Reflex
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innate, unlearned response to a specific stimulus
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Anastomosis
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diverging and merging of pathways
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Cerebrum
where shape what does notes |
largest area of brain
convoluted cortex motor, sensory, associationn- conscious thought, personality, memory dominance of hemispheres- left:analytical; right: artistic |
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Cerebellum
what does what doesnt do examples stimuli |
coordinates contraction of skeletal muscles
contraction posture, tonus, equilibrium various enviro factors |
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Medulla
regulate |
heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, coughing, swallowing, salivation, vomiting, winking
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Pons
what does |
acts with medulla, control or regulate respiration
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Midbrain
what does |
visual and auditory reflexes
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Diencephalon
Thalamus what does what doesnt do other |
sensory integration
smell screen impulses and divert to non-conscious |
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Diencephalon
Hypothalamus what- 4 |
Control center visceral activity
Control pituitary Control food intake and appetite Monitor blood pH, temp, osmotic pressure |
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sensory cortex
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space allocate to interp of signal inverse to sensory field of signal
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Receptive Field
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area within which all stimuli lead to single neuron
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Wide Field
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2 stimuli interpreted as single event
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Perception greater
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in smaller field
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More space in cortex --- size of field
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smaller
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Somatic Sense- receptors
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touch, pain, pressure, heat, cold
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Other sense receptors
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proprioceptors- position
pressure- blood pH- chemoreceptors osmotic pressure |
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Pain
receptors heat overstimulation |
more tha one type carries signal interp as pain
felt as pain |
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Phantom Pain
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sensation of pain in amputated limb- stimulation of neurons in stump- brain projects to removed portion
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Referred Pain
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pain projected to cutaneous area from visceral orggans- convergence of paths- left arm pain w. heart attack
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Physical Senses
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touch- phys contact
vision- light hearing- sound wave |
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Chemical Sense
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taste
smell |
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Touch sytem
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integumentary
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taste assc. with
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taste buds on tongue
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Primary tastes
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sweet
sour bitter salty umami (savory) |
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How eye ear and nose work
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look at slides and book
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endocrine glands
release where produce what |
into ducts into blood
hormones |
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Hormones
released carried where effectiveness essentialness does what |
in blood
distant site of action benefit body as whole in small quantity, not on cell that produces not essential for life inhibit or stimulate |
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Water Soluble Hormones
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receptors on surface of target cell
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Fat Soluble Hormones
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bind to inside of receptor, sometimes in cytoplasm, nuclear envelope, or nucleus
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Thyroid Gland
appearance make up hormones more |
lobed surrounds trachea- neck
follicles around storage BMR & phys/men growth- thyroxine & triiodothyronine Calcitonin- promote store Ca and P in bones |
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T3 and T4
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tyrosines- derived hormones
produced by follicular cells |
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Problems with T3 and T4
Too little - - Too much |
hypothyroidism- synthetic supp
cretinism in kids- low BMR, growth impairment, skeletal tissue slow development, retardation- genetic screen Myxedema- adults- low BMR, weight gain, tiredness, mental sluggishness, cold, edema, fertility Hyperthyroidism- too much- remove part of gland, unk cause |
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Calcitonin
# of amino acids produced by does what reg. by what loop |
32
parafollicular cells Hi level Ca stim release, low levels inhibit release negative feedback loop |
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Control of T3 and T4
thyroid cells stimulated by this stimulated by this stimulated by |
Thyroid stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary
thyrotropic releasing hormone, neurohormone from hypothalamus inc in circ T3 and T4 inhibits TRH release, and so TSH- neg feedback loop |
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Goiter
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enlarged thyroid with deficiency of iodide in diet
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Parathyroid Gland
number where product does what also |
4
embedded in posterior thyroid produces parathormone, PTH inc level of circ Ca and P, stim release from bone storage stim. inc. absorption of Ca and P from kidney and intestines; opposes calcitonin |
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Problems with PTH
too much too little crontolled by problems with if removed |
spontaneous fracture
muscle cramps what it controls- ion level tumors Ca disappears in hrs- tetanus and death |
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Adrenal Glands
appearance location parts; desc parts; desc |
paired
atop kidney medulla(cener)- origin in extoderm(like nervous sys)-catcholamine hormones Cortex(outside)-mesoderm(ovary and testis)- steroids |
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Medula
hormones effect dysfunctions |
epinephrine & norepinephrine
sim stucture, ep 1 more methyl inc heart rate and cardiac output stim. vasodilation leading to heart, skeletal muscle, and brain; constriction of others most imp nor function ep also inc. blood surgar neither nec. to life, overlap sym ns no known dysfunction |
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Adrenal cortex
outer layer |
mineralocorticoids- vital
aldosterone- maintain water balance, absorb Na and eliminate K in kidney tubules; deoxycortisone- salt and water metabolism |
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AC Middle Layer
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glucocorticoids- metabolism of carbs, proteins and fats
cope with stress 95% output is cortisol- antagonist to insulin (promote glucose release from glycogen) cortisone- anti-inflammatory |
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Inner layer
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sex steroids
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Corical Hormone Problems
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Addison's disease- too little from outer 2 layers- disrup Na and K levels, fatigue, weak, hypoglycemia, lo blood pressure, kidney dysfunction, coping problems, darkened skin
Cushing's disease- too much from outer 2 layers- obesity, hi blood pressure, fat redist, edema, round face, pers. changes, poor lesion healing Adrenogenital syndrome- too much male sex steroids |
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Control release cortical hormone
outer middle |
controlled by what it controls
controlled by ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone, released into blood when ant. pit. stim. by ACTH releasing factor in hypothalamus, released in response to stress and homeostasis maintenance |
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Pancreas
where roles cells where |
between stomach and duodenum of small intestine
end and exocrine roles Islets of Langerhans |
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Insulin
what cells make up does what stim what controlled by |
beta cells
51 amino acid peptide(small protein) transfer glucose across cell membrane convert glucose to glycogen negative feedback |
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Glucagon
what cells makeup stim what controlled by |
alpha cells
29 amino acid peptide convert glycogen to glucose neg feedback loop |
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Glycogenolysis
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splitting glycogen into component molecules
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Glycogenesis
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forms glycogen molecule (beginning of glycogen, glucose molecule into larger molecule)
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Gluconeogenesis
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produce glucose from non-sugar molecule (new beginning)- convert amino acid to glucose; or from lipid metabolism
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Diabetes Mellitus
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Type I- low insulin
Type II- insensitive to insulin loss of sugar in urine promotes inc. metabolism of fats and protein- weight loss, inc. fat in cirulation- atheroslerosis, osmotic shift-water loss, circ problems, neuropathy, poor lesion healing |
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Insulin taken by injection
too much too little |
insulin shock
diabetic coma |
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Oral Diabetes Meds
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stimulate pancreas, insulin orally destroyed by digestive enzymes
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Hypoglycemia
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low blood sugar
like insulin shock menatal confusion, walking trouble, resp problem, low body temp, may make unconscious |
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Somatostatin
cells does notes inhibits |
delta cells
inhibits GH release from anterior pituitary ID to hypothalamus molecule does same thing inhibits insulin and glucagon release |
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Pituitary Gland
where attached by |
suspended from hypothalamus
infundibulum |
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Anterior Pituitary
does controlled by circulation |
produce hormones onsite
hurohormone or releasing factor from hypothalamus pathway leads from hypothalamus |
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Posterior Pituitary
does what controlled by circulation |
stores hormones produced by hypothalamus
direct signal carried by neurons from hypothalamus separate pathway, doesnt inc. ant. pit or hypothalamus |
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Anterior Pituitary Hormones
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone-TSH
Adrenocorticopic Hormone-ACTH Growth Hormone- GH, hGH- somatotropin Follicle Stim Hormone- FSH Leutenizing Hormone- LH Prolactin Melanocyte Stim Hormone- MSH |
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Posterior Pituitary Hormones
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Antiduretic Hormone-ADH- promotes water conservation
Oxytocin- stimulates contractions of uterus during labor |
