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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what are the factors affecting bone development, growth and repair?
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nutrition; vitamen a d and c; growth hormone;thyroid harmone; thyroid hormone; hormones; physical stress; sun exposure
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what does vitamen d do?
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absorbs calcium
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lack of calcium in children?
adults? |
rickets
osteomala |
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to little g.h. in children?
to much g.h. in children? to much g.h. in adulds? |
dwarfism
giantism acromegaly |
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what can to much thyroid harmone do?
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stunt your growth
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what happens with sun exposure and liver work together?
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produce dehydrochelosterol and when it comes into contact w sun and makes vitamen d which makes calcum which makes bones hard
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what is hematopoiesis?
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process by which blood cells are formed by red bone marrow in medullary cavity; when aged, turns into yellow marrow which is inactive
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what to inorganic salts do?
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provide ions + and -; Ca ++ which give rigidity; forms bones; blood to clot; heart to beat; mus. contract; nerve impulse
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what is a fracture?
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break in a bone
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what is an incomplete fracture?
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hasnt gone completely through the bone
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simple?
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stays in skin no matter how broken bone is
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compound?
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broken and out of skin
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traumatic?
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caused by an accident
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pathologic?
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spontaneous (disease)
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what are the parts of a long bone?
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epiphysis; articular cartilage; diaphysis; periosteum; compact bone; spongy bone; trabeculae; medullary cavity; endosteum; marrow
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epiphysis-
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at each end of bone, articuales w another bone.
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what does articulate mean?
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form joint
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articular cartilage-
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the articulating portion of the epiphysis is covered by it
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diaphysis-
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the shaft of the bone between the epiphysis
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periosteum-
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vascular tough fibrous tissue that completely covers the bone except for the ends
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compact bone-
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tightly packed tissue in the wall of the diaphysis
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spongy bone-
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is what the epiphysis is largely composed of; aka cancellous bone; has trabeculae
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trabeculae-
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bone plates found in epiphysis that support ends of long bones that have alot of pressure
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medullary cavity-
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a semirigid tube formed by compact bone in the diaphysis; a hollow chamber that is continuous with the spaces of the spongy bone
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endosteum-
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a thin membrane containing gone forming cells
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marrow-
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type of soft connective tissue
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intramembranous bones-
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the broad flat bones of the skull
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osteoblasts-
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bone forming cells that deposit bony matris around themselves
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what is intramembranous ossification?
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the process of replacing connective tissue to form an intramembranous bone
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what is endobhondral ossification?
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the process of forming an endochondral bone by the replacement of hyaline cartilage
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what is a green stick fracture?
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an incomplete and the break occurs on the convex surface of the bend in the bone
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fissured?
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involves an incomplets longitudinal break
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comminuted?
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complete and fragments the bone
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transverse?
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complete and the break occurs at a right angle to the axis of the bone
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oblique?
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occurs at an angle other than a right angle to the axis of the bone
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spiral?
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is cause by twisting a bone excessively
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what is osteoporosis?
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when the skeletal system loses bone volume and mineral content and trabeculae so the bones develop spaces and canals which enlarge and fill eith fibrous and fatty tissues.
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what increase the risk of osteoporosis?
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low intake of dietary calcium and lack of physical exercise; drinking alcohol; smoking; genes
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what develop it?
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declining levels of estrogen
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what is the axial skeleton composed of?
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skull; ossicles; hyoid; vertebreal column; thoracic cage
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appendicular skeleton?
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pectorial girdle; upper limbs; pelvic girdle; lower limbs
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pectorial girdle?
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scapula 2, clavicle 2
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upper limbs
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humerous 2; radius 2; ulna 2; carpal 16; metacarpal 10; phalanx 28
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pelvic girdle
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coxal 2
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lower limbs
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femur 2; patella 2; tibia 2; fibula 2; tarsal 14; matatarsal 10; phalanx 28
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condyle-
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a rounded process that usually articulates w another bone
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fontanel-
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a soft spot in the skull where membranes cover the space between bones
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foramen
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an opening through a bone that usually serves as a passageway for blood vessels nerves or ligaments
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fossa
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a deep pit or depression
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linea
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a narrow ridge
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meatus
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a tubelike passageway within a bone
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process
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a prominent projection on a bone
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sinus
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a cavity within a bone
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suture
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an interlocking line of union between bones
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trochanter
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a relatively large process
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tuberosity
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a knoblike process usually larger than a tuberle
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what are the disorders of the vertebral column?
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herniated disk, kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis
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herniated disc-
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ruptured or slipped disc
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kyphosis-
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exaggerated thoracic curve; hunchback poor posture
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lordosis-
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an exaggerated lumbar curve; swayback
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scoliosis
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abnormal lateral curve, one hib lower than the other; cause unknown
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polydactyle
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common among amish ppl; brought by a male cat; its a person with extra digets
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diff. in male and female skeletal
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female iliac bones are more flared then males; f. hips are broader; f. pubic arch is greater, more distance between the ischial spines and the ischial tuberositires; f. pelvic cavity is usually wider; female pelvis are usually lighter and more delicate and show less evidence of muscle attachments
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