99 Cocco

Front 1

virulent S strain causes death or is healthy?

Back 1

death

Front 2

nonvirulent R strain causes death or is healthy?

Back 2

healthy

Front 3

heat killed S strain causes death or is healthy?

Back 3

healthy

Front 4

nonvirulent R strain + heat killed S strain causes death or is healthy?

Back 4

death

Front 5

what are the 2 pyrimidine bases?

Back 5

thymine and cytosine

Front 6

what are the 2 purine bases?

Back 6

guanine and adenine

Front 7

dA

Back 7

deoxyadenylate

Front 8

dG

Back 8

deoxyguanylate

Front 9

dT

Back 9

deoxythymidylate

Front 10

dC

Back 10

deoxycytidylate

Front 11

A
base =
nucleotide =
nucleoside =

Back 11

adenine
adenylate
adenosine

Front 12

G
base =
nucleotide =
nucleoside =

Back 12

guanine
guanylate
guanosine

Front 13

U
base =
nucleotide =
nucleoside =

Back 13

uracil
uridylate
uridine

Front 14

C
base =
nucleotide =
nucleoside =

Back 14

cytosine
cytidylate
cytidine

Front 15

T
base =
nucleotide =
nucleoside =

Back 15

thymine
deoxythymidylate
deoxythymidine

Front 16

E coli cells grown in 32P labels ____ and released ____-labeled progeny phage

Back 16

DNA
DNA

Front 17

E coli cells grown in 35S labels ____ and released ____-labeled progeny phage

Back 17

protein
protein

Front 18

What 3 bonds are susceptible to hydrolytic cleavage?

Back 18

1) phosphodiester bond
2) n-glycosyl bond
3) bond linking exocyclic amine groups to bases

Front 19

What 3 bonds stabilize dsDNA?

Back 19

1) hydrogen
2) hydrophobic effect
3) base stacking

Front 20

deamination, C turns to

Back 20

U

Front 21

deamination, G turns to

Back 21

xanthine

Front 22

deamination A turns to

Back 22

hypoxanthine

Front 23

pyrimidine replace by pyrimidine is called

Back 23

transition

Front 24

pyrimidine replaced by purine is called

Back 24

transversion

Front 25

bond from UV light with C6 and C4

Back 25

(6-4) photoproduct

Front 26

bond from UV light with C5 and C6

Back 26

CPD

Front 27

the mutation that involves 8-oxoG is called _____ and when it binds with A it is called _____

Back 27

hydroxyl radical
transversion

Front 28

where at the 3 places that alkylating agents damage DNA?

Back 28

1) N&O atoms external to base ring
2) N atoms on base ring except when linked to deoxyribose
3) non-bridging oxygen atoms in Phosphate groups

Front 29

when metabolically activated, ____ damages DNA

Back 29

PAH

Front 30

benzo[a]pyrene obtains an epoxide by the enzyme

Back 30

cytochrome P450

Front 31

the epoxide in benzo[a]pyrene opens by the enzyme

Back 31

epoxide hydrolase

Front 32

what is a lesion?
what is a mutation?

Back 32

site of DNA damage
permanent base change

Front 33

what causes mutations?

Back 33

mutagens

Front 34

what causes cancer in higher animals?

Back 34

carcinogens

Front 35

a direct reversal of DNA damage is the enzyme ___ and reverses the damage of ___. its 2 domains are __ and __

Back 35

photolyase
CPD
FADH-
MTHF

Front 36

Name the 4 enzymes in BER and describe their sequential reactions which result in the repair of mutaiton

Back 36

1) DNA glycosylase - cleaves N-glycosidic bond of damaged base, creating an AP site
2) AP endonuclease - nicks one side of AP site, creating a template where DNA polymerase I can enter
3) DNA polymerase I - polymerases through AP site using the other strand as a template
4) DNA ligase - ligases the nick

Front 37

Name 3 E.coli genes and 3 enzymes in NER and describe their reactions

Back 37

1) uvrA - recognizes the damage site
2) uvrB - is the nucleotide excision repair. it attaches to ATPase and works with uvrA to bind to DNA. then uvrA leaves to make a stable uvrB-DNA complex
3) uvrC - binds to uvrB-DNA complex and make incisions of both side of the lesion
4) uvrD (helicase) - removes oligonucleotide
5) DNA pol 1 replaces DNA
6) DNA ligase ligases the nick

Front 38

Name the 3 proteins and 3 enzymes in mismatch repair and describe their function

Back 38

1) mutS and mutL recognize and binds to mismatch and recruits MutH. they pull DNA through until MutH hits methylated site
4) exonuclease cleaves up to the mismatch
5) pol 3 fills in DNA
6) DNA ligase ligates the nick

Front 39

what are the 3 polymerase of translesio DNA synthesis, and what do they do?

Back 39

pol 4 and 5 synthesize DNA through the lesion, giving them a low fidelity, and pol 2 restarts replication after the lesion bypass is complete.

Front 40

which polymerase makes the most error? which polymerase can cause skin cancer?

Back 40

iota
eta

Front 41

what are 3 differences in RNA than DNA?

Back 41

1) C2 has a hydroxyl in RNA rather than hydrogen in DNA
2) A binds with U in RNA rather than T in DNA
3) RNA does not need a primer

Front 42

As RNA polymerase goes downstream, the strands are underwinding/rewinding?

Back 42

underwinding

Front 43

to find out where polymerase is binding, you use the technique called

Back 43

foot printing

Front 44

what recognizes the promoter?

Back 44

sigma factor recognizes promoter by binding to polymerase
what about holoenzyme?

Front 45

what are the consensus sequences in sigma70?

Back 45

-10 (TATA box) TATAAT
-35 TTGACA

Front 46

how many bp does the transcription bubble open in RNA synthesis? from what point to what point?

Back 46

14bp
-12 to +2

Front 47

what are the 2 steps that happen in termination of RNA synthesis? what happens?

Back 47

1) intrinsic termination pathway - signals termination when hairpin of GC rich is attached to 8-10 bases of uridine
2) Rho factor: 6 subunits that release RNA from RNA-DNA hybrid

Front 48

what are the 3 steps in converting primary transcript to a mature RNA?

Back 48

1) add 5'cap
2) slice out introns
3) add poly-A tail

Front 49

what are 2 mechanisms for removing introns?

Back 49

1) guanosine attacks phosphodiester bond (self splicing)
2) removed by spliceosome. snRNP makes up spliceosome that cuts introns and put exons together

Front 50

what is the prevailing theory?

Back 50

splicing is coordinated with transcription

Front 51

snRNP can bind to ___ which is attached to ___ that synthesizes the 5 cap

Back 51

CTD (c terminal domain)
CBC (cap binding complex)

Front 52

what 3 enzymes are involved in adding a poly A tail?

Back 52

1) Pol 2 - synthesizes RNA after introns are cut out
2) endonuclease - cut termination sequence off
3) polyA polymerase - adds A on for protection

Front 53

what are ddNTP? how do they work?

Back 53

dideoxynucleotide triphosphates. they have a hydrogen attached to C3 instead of 3'-OH. this terminates transcription

Front 54

what's the difference between forensic sequencing and ddN sequencing?

Back 54

ddN finds out the bases
forensic counts number of repeats on region that don't encode for protein

Front 55

what are 3 restriction endonucleases? how do their ends look like?

Back 55

Hpal and Sspl cut blunt ends
Pst1 cut sticky ends

Front 56

what are the 3 steps to PCR?

Back 56

1) denature DNA
2) anneal primer
3) extend primer with DNA polymerase 1

Front 57

What is independent assortment?

Back 57

traits are inherited independently of one another

Front 58

What is independent segregation?

Back 58

alleles are inherited from each parent

Front 59

What is law of dominance?

Back 59

for each trait, 1 allele is dominant and another is recessive, giving a 3 :1 phenotype

Front 60

What are 3 models of replication? which is the right model?

Back 60

semiconservative
dispersive
conservative

semiconservative is the right one

Front 61

What are 3 models for nucleosome arrangement?

Back 61

zigzag
solenoid
scaffold

Front 62

What are 2 fidelity mechanisms?

Back 62

steric WC check and exo domain