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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Histologically describe the mucosa of the oral cavity, excluding the tongue.
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Squamous
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What are the definitive histological features of parotid, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands?
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Parotid- serous
submandibular- serous (and mucus) sublingual- mucus |
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Describe the four histological layers of the alimentary tract.
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Mucosa
- epithelium - lamina propria = loose CT, lymphatics, small BV, lymphocytes - muscularis mucosae = thin smooth muscle cell layer Submucosa - submucosal/Meisner's plexus - large BV Muscularis externa - very inner oblique layer in stomach - inner circular layer - Aubacher's plexus in between - outer longitudinal layer Serosa or Adventitia - serosa if exposed to cavity, has mesothelial cells - adventitia if between organs etc, only CT |
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Describe the unique features of the oeophageal wall layers on histology?
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Oesophageal submucosal glands, striated muscle in the muscularis externis in the upper and middle regions
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Describe the unique features of the histology in the small intestine?
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Crypts
circularis plicaris Villi microvilli/brush border Peyer's patches (ilium) |
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Describe the four different taste buds that can be found on a human tongue.
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Filiform - small, without tastebuds, throughout tongue
Fungiform - large, with taste, throughout the tongue Circumvallate - macro visible, with taste, at back of tongue ________ - large, with taste, lateral borders of tongue |
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What are histological features of the tongue?
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Taste buds
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Pathophysiology of ulcerative colitis?
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IBD, continuous ulcerations from anus up to terminal ileum, smoking decreases risk, undergoes 'flare ups', not associated with pain usually, get bloody diarrhoea, flatulence/bloating.
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Pathophysiology of Crohn's disease?
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IBD, skip transmural lesions anywhere in the GIT but predominates terminal ileum and colon . Associated with pain. Smoking increases risk
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Describe the unique features of the histology in the large intestine.
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Crypts
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Give a brief description of a GIT examination.
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General Inspection
- health, nutriton/hydration status, breathing, colour, rashes, bruising, scarring, scratch marks Hand Inspection - finger nails, colour, rashes, swellings, clubbing, hepatic flap Facial Inspection - Eyes =uveitis, jaundice, anaemia - Mouth = ulcers, colour, teeth condition, leukoplakia, smell, tonsils - feel lymph nodes (in particular supraclavicular) Leg inspection - oedema Abdomen Inspection - surgical scars, masses, hepatosplenomegaly, distended veins, bruising, rashes, distention Palpation - light/deep, liver, spleen, kidneys, hernias (cough), lymph nodes, AAA Percussion - liver size, shifting dullness of ascites Auscultation - bowel sounds, renal artery bruit, liver and spleen bruit PR Examination |
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Describe the signs used to diagnose chronic liver disease? and signs of liver failure?
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Chronic Disease: clubbing, palmar erythema, spider nevi, gynacomastia, feminising hair distribution, testicular atrophy, caput medusae (many due to lack of oestrogen breakdown)
Failure: encephalopathy, asterixis, jaundice, ascites, leukonycia, peripheral odema, bruising, acid-base imbalance |
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What is leukonychia? What are some GIT/hepatobiliary causes?
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Whitening of the nails. Muehrck's lines appear in the nail bed and disappear when pressed, and are due to hypoalbumimaemia found in chronic liver disease.
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What is koilonychia?
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'Spoon nails' that are flattened or convex, a sign of hypochromic anaemia especially from Fe deficiency.
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What is nail clubbing? What are some GIT/hepatobiliary causes?
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Loss of the angle between the nail bed and cuticle as a result of chronic disease (immune deposits/growth factors/vasodilation are possible mechanisms). Seen in malabsorption, inflammatory bowel disease, cirrhosis of the liver.
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What is palmar erythema and why do chronic liver disease patients get it?
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A sign of chronic liver disease in which the thenar and hypothenar eminences are reddened. The reddening is thought to be due to high systemic levels of eostrogen due to an inability to conjugate in the liver and excrete it in chronic liver disease.
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