Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
inaapropriate sentiments are ignored and the opposite is adopted?
|
…rxn formation
|
|
|
hypercalcemia of SCC of the lung and others is due to what?
|
…PTrH…
|
|
|
achondroplasia is an activating mutation of?
|
…FbG – 3 and is autosomal dominant…
|
|
|
what are the fewatures of achondorplasia?
|
…large head saddle nose normal spine and short limbs…
|
|
|
calcium binding troponin C does what?
|
…moves tropomyosin away from the myosin binding site on actin…
|
|
|
cross-bridges between myosin and actin will persist if?
|
…ATP is not available..
|
|
|
tropomyosin does what?
|
…prevents crosslinking between actin and myosin…
|
|
|
…prevents crosslinking between actin and myosin…
|
tropomyosin does what?
|
|
|
released calcium binds troponin and removes tropomyosin this allows?
|
…myosin crossbridge ADP – phosphate complex to bind actin…
|
|
|
released calcium binds troponin and removes tropomyosin this allows?
|
…myosin crossbridge ADP – phosphate complex to bind actin…
|
|
|
after myosin binds actin what happens?
|
… the adp phosphate complex is released…
|
|
|
after myosin binds actin what happens?
|
… the adp phosphate complex is released…
|
|
|
for detachment of the myosin and actin cross bridge?
|
…a new atp is required…
|
|
|
what is the difference between smooth muscle contration and skeletal?
|
…myosin light chain kinase phosphorylates the myosin light chains activating myosin to bind actin in smooth muscle cells…
|
|
|
what is the difference between smooth muscle contration and skeletal?
|
…myosin light chain kinase phosphorylates the myosin light chains activating myosin to bind actin in smooth muscle cells…
|
|
|
common mutations leading to EDS phenotyps are?
|
..lysyl oxidase and procollagen peptidase enzymes…
|
|
|
fibrillin I is a major component of?
|
…microfibrils that form a sheath around elastin…
|
|
|
fibrillin I is a major component of?
|
…microfibrils that form a sheath around elastin…
|
|
|
anti-topoisomerase?
|
…SCl-70 systemic sclerosis…
|
|
|
anti-topoisomerase?
|
…SCl-70 systemic sclerosis…
|
|
|
sustained involuntary muscle contractions?
|
…dystonia not myoclonus (myoclunus is lighting like jerks)…
|
|
|
blepharospasm
|
…dystonia causing forceable closure of the eyelid..
|
|
|
hiccups and hypnic jerks are examples of physiologic?
|
…myoclonus…
|
|
|
why is it that glucocorticoidslower bone density?
|
…they GI absorption of calcium inhibit collagen synthesis by osteoblasts, decrease GnRH causeing hypogonadism, and increase urinary calcium loss…
|
|
|
the collagen molecule consists of three polypeptides of alpha-chains held together by?
|
..hydrogen bonds…
|
|
|
the collagen molecule consists of three polypeptides of alpha-chains held together by?
|
..hydrogen bonds…
|
|
|
to fold a triple helix of collagen every third amino acid must be?
|
…glycine…
|
|
|
to fold a triple helix of collagen every third amino acid must be?
|
…glycine…
|
|
|
to fold a triple helix of collagen every third amino acid must be?
|
…glycine…
|
|
|
important in osteoid mineralization?
|
…vitamin D…
|
|
|
increased unminerlized osteoids and widening of osteoid seams?
|
…D def…
|
|
|
increased unminerlized osteoids and widening of osteoid seams?
|
…D def…
|
|
|
increased unminerlized osteoids and widening of osteoid seams?
|
…D def…
|
|
|
finding of osteoporosis?
|
…trabecular thinning with fewer interconnections…
|
|
|
finding of osteoporosis?
|
…trabecular thinning with fewer interconnections…
|
|
|
hyperparathyroidism increases osteoclast activation resulting in?
|
…SUBPERIOSTEAL THINNING…
|
|
|
hyperparathyroidism increases osteoclast activation resulting in?
|
…SUBPERIOSTEAL THINNING…
|
|
|
hyperparathyroidism increases osteoclast activation resulting in?
|
…SUBPERIOSTEAL THINNING…
|
|
|
histologically osteopetrosis is characterized by?
|
…the persistence of unmineralized spongiosa, in the medullary canals, in normal individuals the spongiosa is replaced by BM…
|
|
|
histologically osteopetrosis is characterized by?
|
…the persistence of unmineralized spongiosa, in the medullary canals, in normal individuals the spongiosa is replaced by BM…
|
|
|
In adults parvovirus can cause/
|
…arthritis involving the PIPs metacarpal knees and ankle joints and like RA it is usually symmetric…
|
|
|
In adults parvovirus can cause/
|
…arthritis involving the PIPs metacarpal knees and ankle joints and like RA it is usually symmetric…
|
|
|
unilateral erector spinae contraction causes?
|
…flexion…
|
|
|
bilateral erector spinae contraction causes?
|
…extension…
|
|
|
forms the posterior wall of the spinal canal?
|
…ligamentum flavumm…
|
|
|
cutaneous manifestations of dermatomyositosis?
|
…. gottrons papules and heliotrope rashj…
|
|
|
antibodies specific for dermatomyositis?
|
…ani-jo..
|
|
|
antibodies specific for dermatomyositis?
|
…ani-jo..
|
|
|
what are T-tubules?
|
…invaginations into the extracellular space basically…
|
|
|
in skeletal muscle one T-tuble contacts two terminal cisterns froing?
|
…a triad at the junction of the A-band and the I band…
|
|
|
because A-I T-tubules are constituents of the cell membrane they?
|
…they consist of a phosphlipid bilayer with a large number of voltage-gated calcium channels dihydropyridine receptors located in close proximity to ryanodine receptors on the terminal cisterns of the SR…
|
|
|
because A-I T-tubules are constituents of the cell membrane they?
|
…they consist of a phosphlipid bilayer with a large number of voltage-gated calcium channels dihydropyridine receptors located in close proximity to ryanodine receptors on the terminal cisterns of the SR…
|
|
|
ryanodine receptors are located on the terminal cisterns of the SR which are in close proximity to friggin AI – T-tubules, and they are?
|
…regulators of calcium release channels that open under the influence of activated dihyropyridine channels on the T-tubules…
|
|
|
Myotonic dystrophy is what?
|
…AD disease of abnormal myotin protein kinase resulting in trinucleotide repeat expansion…
|
|
|
Myotonic dystrophy is what?
|
…AD disease of abnormal myotin protein kinase resulting in trinucleotide repeat expansion…
|
|
|
muscle weakness and cramping during exercise resulting from failure of muscle glycogen breakdown due to defect in myophosphorylase?
|
…Mcardle disease…
|
|
|
muscle weakness and cramping during exercise resulting from failure of muscle glycogen breakdown due to defect in myophosphorylase?
|
…Mcardle disease…
|
|
|
the arm and scapula fall away from the clavicle?
|
… if subluxation of the AC joint results in rubture of the AC ligament which is suppose…
|
|
|
IP3 second messenger system begins with binding of hormone to its receptor on the cell surface causing?
|
…the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of the G protein associated with this receptor, this activated protein undergoes conformational change and uncovers phospholipase C…
|
|
|
IP3 second messenger system begins with binding of hormone to its receptor on the cell surface causing?
|
…the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of the G protein associated with this receptor, this activated protein undergoes conformational change and uncovers phospholipase C…
|
|
|
directly able to stimulae PKC (synergistic with calcium)?
|
…DAG…
|
|
|
directly able to stimulae PKC (synergistic with calcium)?
|
…DAG…
|
|
|
what are herberdens and bouchards nodes respectively?
|
…bony swelling of the DIP and PIP due to osteophyte formation seen in osteoarthritis…
|
|
|
what are herberdens and bouchards nodes respectively?
|
…bony swelling of the DIP and PIP due to osteophyte formation seen in osteoarthritis…
|
|
|
prone to repetitive impingement trauma between the hmoral head and the acromium is the?
|
…supraspinatus…
|
|
|
prone to repetitive impingement trauma between the hmoral head and the acromium is the?
|
…supraspinatus…
|
|
|
prone to repetitive impingement trauma between the hmoral head and the acromium is the?
|
…supraspinatus…
|
|
|
the supraspinatus originates on the supraspinous fossa and?
|
…inserts on the superior portion of the head of the humerus and is primarily an abductor of the arm?
|
|
|
the supraspinatus originates on the supraspinous fossa and?
|
…inserts on the superior portion of the head of the humerus and is primarily an abductor of the arm?
|
|
|
…the supraspinatus is what?
|
…primarily an abductor of the arm…
|
|
|
…the supraspinatus is what?
|
…primarily an abductor of the arm…
|
|
|
important flexor of the humerus is what?
|
…the anterior deltoid segment…
|
|
|
medial rotation of the humerus is accomplished by what?
|
…the subscapularis muscle which originates on the subscapular fossa and inserts onto the lesser tubercle of the humerus…
|
|
|
medial rotation of the humerus is accomplished by what?
|
…the subscapularis muscle which originates on the subscapular fossa and inserts onto the lesser tubercle of the humerus…
|
|
|
medial rotation of the humerus is accomplished by what?
|
…the subscapularis muscle which originates on the subscapular fossa and inserts onto the lesser tubercle of the humerus…
|
|
|
wht are the common mutations leading to EDS phenotype?
|
…mutations in lysyl hydroxylase or procollagen peptidase enzymes…
|
|
|
rer bound ribosomes translate pro-acollagen mRNA in the?
|
…cytosol and extrude them into the rer…
|
|
|
after moving into the rer from being translated in the cytoplasm what happens to collagen?
|
…the hydrophobic signal peptide at the N-terminus is cleaved to form procollagen alpha-chains…
|
|
|
after moving into the rer from being translated in the cytoplasm what happens to collagen?
|
…the hydrophobic signal peptide at the N-terminus is cleaved to form procollagen alpha-chains…
|
|
|
procollagen refers to collagen that has?
|
… formed a triple helix but still contains the N and C terminal non helical regions procollagen is exported from the cell in this form and is cleaved into collagen fibrils outside the cell…
|
|
|
procollagen refers to collagen that has?
|
… formed a triple helix but still contains the N and C terminal non helical regions procollagen is exported from the cell in this form and is cleaved into collagen fibrils outside the cell…
|
|
|
procollagen refers to collagen that has?
|
… formed a triple helix but still contains the N and C terminal non helical regions procollagen is exported from the cell in this form and is cleaved into collagen fibrils outside the cell…
|
|
|
defective cleavage of the N and C terminals of collagen results in?
|
…more soluble collagen that does not properly crosslink resulting in joint laxity, loose skin and easy bruisability…
|
|
|
defective cleavage of the N and C terminals of collagen results in?
|
…more soluble collagen that does not properly crosslink resulting in joint laxity, loose skin and easy bruisability…
|
|
|
easy bruisability is a hallmark of what?
|
…eds…
|
|
|
easy bruisability is a hallmark of what?
|
…eds…
|
|
|
What happens when the eye focuses on a near object?
|
…contraction of the ciliary muscle causes relaxation of the zonulafibers allowing the lens to relax taking on a more convex shape
|
|
|
What happens when the eye focuses on a near object?
|
…contraction of the ciliary muscle causes relaxation of the zonulafibers allowing the lens to relax taking on a more convex shape
|
|
|
when looking at a distant object what happens?
|
…the cilliary muscle relaxes and the lens flattens due to outward radial tension exerted by the zonula fibers…
|
|
|
when looking at a distant object what happens?
|
…the cilliary muscle relaxes and the lens flattens due to outward radial tension exerted by the zonula fibers…
|
|
|
near sighted aka
|
…myopia…
|
|
|
near sighted aka
|
…myopia…
|
|
|
myopia aka?
|
near sightedness
|
|
|
age related presbyopia may?
|
…improvement in distant vision of people who are nearsighted…
|
|
|
age related presbyopia may?
|
…improvement in distant vision of people who are nearsighted…
|
|
|
as a SERM raloxifene binds to estrogen receptors and exhibits tissue specific behavior that can imitate or antagonize the effects of natural estrogen for instance raloxifene has?
|
…estrogen agonist activity in the bone, the cardiovasvular system and the blood while antagonistic activity in the breast and the uterus…
|
|
|
as a SERM raloxifene binds to estrogen receptors and exhibits tissue specific behavior that can imitate or antagonize the effects of natural estrogen for instance raloxifene has?
|
…estrogen agonist activity in the bone, the cardiovasvular system and the blood while antagonistic activity in the breast and the uterus…
|
|
|
alendronate is a what?
|
…bisphophonate analog of pyrophosphate…
|
|
|
bisphosphonates are structural analogs of pyrophosphates an important component of?bisphosphonates are structural analogs of pyrophosphates an important component of?
|
…hydroxyappetite…
|
|
|
bisphosphonates are structural analogs of pyrophosphates an important component of?
|
…hydroxyappetite…
|
|
|
In addition to making hydroxyappetite more insolublue bisphosphonates?
|
…decrease bone resorption by interfering with osteoclasts…
|
|
|
absorption of bisphosphonates is extremely poor therefore people are advised to?
|
…take these drugs in a fasting state with lots of water furthermore they have to sit up for thirty minutes after administration so to prevent reflux of the substances…
|
|
|
bisphosphonates should be used carefully in what type of patients?
|
…patients with renal failure because they are excreted unchanged in the urine…
|
|
|
what are the four organ systems involved in ankylosing spondylitis?
|
…M/S, C/V, Eyes, Resp…
|
|
|
what are the four organ systems involved in ankylosing spondylitis?
|
…M/S, C/V, Eyes, Resp…
|
|
|
what are the M/S manifestations of Ankylosers?
|
…peripheral enthesitis (inflammation a the site of insertion of tendons into bones, commonly effecting the tibial tuberosity, the patellar tendon, trochanters, distal ulna, and insertion of the Achilles (the calcaneous)…
|
|
|
what are the M/S manifestations of Ankylosers?
|
…peripheral enthesitis (inflammation a the site of insertion of tendons into bones, commonly effecting the tibial tuberosity, the patellar tendon, trochanters, distal ulna, and insertion of the Achilles (the calcaneous)…
|
|
|
what are the respiratory consequences of ankylosers?
|
…diminished chest wall expansion (due to enthesitis of costovertebral and sternal jxns) and apical fibrosis
|
|
|
what are the C/V manifestations of ankylosers?
|
…ascending aortitis leading to dilation of the aortic ring and aortic insufficiency
|
|
|
what are the C/V manifestations of ankylosers?
|
…ascending aortitis leading to dilation of the aortic ring and aortic insufficiency
|
|
|
cv problems in ankylosin
|
…ascending aortitis leading to dilation of the aortic ring and aortic insufficiency
|
|
|
what are the ocular manifestations of ankylosing?
|
…anterior uveitis…
|
|
|
what are the ocular manifestations of ankylosing?
|
…anterior uveitis…
|
|
|
PTH act on osteoclasts indirectly by what?
|
…pth causes osteoblasts to increse the production of RANKL and MCSF these two factors stimulate osteoclast precursors to differentiate into bone resorbing osteoclastasts…
|
|
|
PTH act on osteoclasts indirectly by what?
|
…pth causes osteoblasts to increse the production of RANKL and MCSF these two factors stimulate osteoclast precursors to differentiate into bone resorbing osteoclastasts…
|
|
|
PTH act on osteoclasts indirectly by what?
|
…pth causes osteoblasts to increse the production of RANKL and MCSF these two factors stimulate osteoclast precursors to differentiate into bone resorbing osteoclastasts…
|
|
|
besides increasing MCSF nd RANKL in osteoclasts PTH also increases calcium in the blood by?
|
…decreasing the release of ostoprotegerin which is a decoy receptor for rankl that decreases interaction between rankl and the receptors on clasts…
|
|
|
besides increasing MCSF nd RANKL in osteoclasts PTH also increases calcium in the blood by?
|
…decreasing the release of ostoprotegerin which is a decoy receptor for rankl that decreases interaction between rankl and the receptors on clasts…
|
|
|
another name for 1,25 Vit D is?
|
…calcitriol…
|
|
|
t3 can do what to bone?
|
…increse bone turnover by activating osteoclasts…
|
