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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Puberty |
The time at the end of childhood between the first onrush of growth hormones and full adult size. Puberty usually last 3-5 years. Many more years are required to achieve psychosocial maturity. |
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Menarche |
A girl's first menstrual period, signaling that she has begun ovulation. Pregnancy is biologically possible, but ovulation and menstruation are often irregular for years after menarche. |
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Spermarche |
A boys first ejaculation of sperm. Erections can occur as early as infancy, but ejaculation signals sperm production. Spermarche may occur during sleep or direct stimulation |
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Pituitary |
A gland in brain that produces many hormones, including those that regulate growth and that signal the adrenal and sex glands to produce additional hormones. |
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Adrenal glands |
2 glands, located above the kidneys, that produce hormones in response to signals the pituitary. |
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Gonads |
The sex glands (ovaries in females, testicles in males). Gonads produce hormones and gametes. |
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Estradiol |
A sex hormone, concidered to be the chief estrogen (female hormone). Females produce much more estradiol than males do. |
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Tetosterone |
A sex hormone, the best known of the androgen (male hormones); secreted in far greater amounts by males than by females. |
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Circadian rythm |
A day-night cycle of biological activity that occurs approximately every 24 hours (circadian means about a day) |
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Secular trend |
Advances in growth and maturation that results from modern nutrition. Example, improved nutrition and medical care over the past 200 years has led to earlier puberty and taller Avg height. |
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Growth spurt |
The relatively sudden and rapid physical growth that occurs during puberty. Each body part increases in size on a schedule: weight usually precedes height, and growth of limbs precedes growth of torso. |
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Primary sex characteristics |
The parts of body that are directly involved in reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicals, penis. |
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Secondary sex characteristics |
Physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity, such as a man's beard and woman's breast |
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Body image |
A person's idea of how his or her body looks, especially related to size and shape |
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Anorexia nervosa |
An eating disorder characterized by self-starvation and obsession w weight |
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Bulimia nervosa |
An eating disorder characterized by binge eating and subsequent purging |
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Formal operational thought |
In Piaget's theory, the fourth and final stage of cognitive development, characterized by systematic logical thinking and by understanding abstractions |
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Adolescent egocentrism |
A characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people to believe in there own uniqueness, and to imagine that other people are also focused on them |
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Personal fable |
The belief that one's own emotions, experiences, and destiny are unique, more wonderful or awful than anyone else's |
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Invincibility fable |
The fantasy that a person cannot be harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal, such as unprotected sex, drug abuse, or high speed driving. |
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Imaginary audience |
The other people who, in an adolescent's egocentric belief, watch his or her appearance, ideas, behavior |
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Hypothetical thought |
Reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that do not reflect reality. |
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Deductive reasoning |
Reasoning from a general statement comma promise, or Princeville, through logical steps, to figure out specifics, Also called top down reasoning. |
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Inductive reasoning |
Reasoning from specific experiences or facts to reach a general conclusion (also called bottom up reasoning) |
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Dual process model |
The idea that two modes of thinking exist within the human brain, one for intuitive emotional responses and one for analytical reasoning. |
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Intuitive thought |
Thought that arises from an emotion or a hunch, a gut feeling influenced by a past experience and cultural assumptions. |
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Analytical thought |
Thought that results from analysis, such as systematic exploration of pros and cons, risks and consequences, possibilities and fax. Analytic thought depends on logic and rationality |
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Cyberbullying |
Bullying that occurs when one person attacks and harms another via technology |
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Secondary education |
Education that follows primary education, Elementary or grade school, and precedes tertiary education, College. That usually occurs from about age 11 to 18, although there is some variation by school and by Nation. |
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Middle School |
A school for children after Elementary School and before high school usually grades 6 through 8 |
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Entity theory of intelligence |
The idea that intellectual ability is innate, a fixed quantity present at birth. Those who hold this view underrate the role of effort on achievement. |
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Incremental theory of intelligence |
The idea that intelligence can be increased by effort, with attention and practice, as in class participation and homework |
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High-stakes test |
An evaluation that determines something very important. For example, if a single test determines promotion or graduation, it is high-stakes test |
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PISA |
Programme for international student assessment. An international test taken by 15 year olds in 50 Nations to measure problem-solving and cognition in daily life. |
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Identity vs. Role confusion |
Erikson's term for his fifth stage of development, in which the person tries to figure out "who am I?# but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt. |
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Identity achievement |
Erikson's term for the attainment of identity, or the point at which a person understands who he or she is as a unique individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans. This includes many identities ---religions, sexual gender, political ethnic, and Vocational. |
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Role confusion |
A situation in which people do not seem to know or care about their identity. Sometimes called identity diffusion |
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Foreclosure |
Erikson's term for premature identity formation, when a person adopts parents or society's rules and values wholesale, without questioning or analysis |
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Moratorium |
In Erikson's identity stage, a socially acceptable way to postpone achievement. Going to college is a common example |
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Gender identity |
A person's acceptance of the rules of behaviors that are associated with the biological categories of a male and female |
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Parental monitoring |
Parents ongoing awareness of what their children are doing, where, and with whom. |
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Peer pressure |
When people of the same age group encourage particular Behavior, dress, and attitude. This is usually considered negative, when peers encourage behavior that is contrary to Norms or morals, but can also be positive. |
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Deviancy Training |
When one person shows another how to rebel against Authority or social norms |
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Sexual orientation |
A person's sexual and romantic attraction to others of the same sex, the other sex, or both sexes. |
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Sexually transmitted infection |
An infection spread by sexual contact, includes syphilis, gonorrhea, genital herpes, chlamydia, and HIV |
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Familism |
The belief that family members should support one another, sacrificing individual freedom and success, if necessary, because the family is more important |
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Clinical depression |
Feelings of hopelessness, lethargy and worthlessness that last two weeks or more |
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Rumination |
Repeatedly thinking and talking about past experiences and possibilities |
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Suicidal ideation |
Thinking about suicide, usually with serious emotional and intellectual impact |
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Parasuicide |
Any potentially lethal action against the cell that does not result in death comma also called attempted suicide or failed suicide |
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Cluster suicides |
Several suicides committed by members of a group within a brief period |
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Adolescence limited offender |
A person who is criminal activity occurs only during adolescence |
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Life course persistent offender |
A person who has criminal activity continues throughout life, a career Criminal |
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Generational forgetting |
The idea that each new generation forgets what the previous generation learned |
