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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
1 What transmits malaria?
2 What are they resistant to? 3 In what form? 4 How? |
1 Anopheles Mosquito
2 DDT and Malathoin 3 Sporozoite form (infectious stage) 4 In Saliva |
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To what do plasmodia bind to in the liver
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Thrombospondin and properdin
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What causes relapses of malaria in vivax and ovale forms?
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Hypnozoites deposited in hepatocytes
not present in falciparum or malariae |
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____ defines the presence of throphozoites in RBCs
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A single chromatin mass (ring)
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____ defines the presence of schizonts in RBCs, what do these develop into?
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Multiple chromatin masses (rings)
Merozoites which infect other RBCs once the cell is lysed |
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How do mosquitoes become infected with Malaria from humans?
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Production of reproductive gameotcytes from merozoites which are taken up during blood meal
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Why is Falciparum more virulent than other plasmodia? (3)
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1 Infect RBCs of any age (^parasitemia)
2 Causes Rosettes/Rouleaux leading to ischemia (PfEMP1 of Falciparum) 3 Cytokines which amoung other things inhibit RBC production |
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Mechanism of Malaria resistance in SC?
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Low oxygen concentrations do not allow parasite survival
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Mechanism of P vivax resistance in Gambians?
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Absence of Duffy Coat antigen on RBC which parasite binds to
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How does P falciparum resist antibody response?
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PfEMP1 mutations
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What causes pigmentation (of spleen) in Malaria?
How does this appear? |
Build-up of Hemozoin, the breakdown product of hemoglobin
Granular, brown-black, faintly birefringent |
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What is the morphology of the spleen in Chronic Malaria?
Other organs effected? |
Hemozoin pigmented --> Gray/Black parenchyma
Fibrotic and Brittle Liver, LNs, BM, brain |
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What is the cause of cerebral effects in P falciparum?
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Plugging of BVs with infected RBCs leads to RING HEMORRHAGES and DURCK GRANULOMAS
late stage neural degeneration and focal ischemic softening |
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MCC Death in Children with Malaria?
Other causes of death in people? |
Cerebral Ischemia
PE, DIC |
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What transmits Babesiosis?
What is its reservoir? Symptoms? |
Deer Ticks
White footed mouse Fever, Hemolytic Anemia. If asplenic more severe |
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Morphological difference between Babesiosis and Malaria?
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Babesiosis lacks hemozoin pigmentation and form characteristic MALTESE CROSSES (tetrads)
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What causes fever in malaria?
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Release of substances from lysing RBCs
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What transmits Leishmaniasis?
In what form? Type of microbe? What exacerbates this infection? Reservoir? |
Sandflies
Promastigote Obligate intracellular kinetoplastid protozoan T cell dysfunctions Rodents/Dogs/Foxes |
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Single mitochondrion with its DNA massed into a unique sub-organelle
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Kinetoplast
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what determines the location of leischmaniasis infection?
In what cells of the body does this microbe grow? |
Temperature at which they grow
Macrophages |
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Which strains cause Visceral Leischmaniasis?
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donovani and chagasi
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Which strains cause cutaneous Leishmaniasis?
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major
mexicana braziliensis |
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what strains cause mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis?
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Braziliensis
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__ and ___ of the promastigote of Leischmaniasis allow for its manipulation of the complement system and survival in the macrophage
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Lipophosphoglycan and gp63
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How does the amastigote of leischmaniasis survive in the macrophage, allowing replication
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maintains the pH at 6.5 with the use of an ATPase pump
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What differentiates succesful and unsuccesful immune resistance to Leischmaniasis
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Th1 reactions are succesful
Th2 are not |
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_______ produces "black fever", a hyperpigmentation of the skin in Southern Asians
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Leischmaniasis
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What is the usual cause of death in visceral leischmaniasis caused by the chagas and donovani strains
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Secondary bacterial infections
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What is the cutaneous presentation of Leischmaniasis braziliensis mexicana, or major
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Localized granulomatous ulcers with heaped up borders
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Where are the lesions of mucocutaneous Leischmaniasis braziliensis?
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Nasopharyngeal region
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Single ulcer which spread to entire body containing foamy macrophages
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Diffuse Cutaneous Leischmaniasis
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_____ in a kinetoplastid extracellular parasite which causes African Sleeping Sickness
Which strain is acute and virulent, found in Eastern Africa Which is chronic and found in Western Africa? What transmits trypanosomes? |
Trypanosomiasis
Rhodesiense, contracted from animals Gambiense, contracted from humans Tsetse Flies (glossina) |
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What form of Trypanosomes are transmitted
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Trypomastigotes
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What causes the wave like pattern of Trypanosomes?
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changes in the VSG genes located on the chromosomal telomeres
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What appears at the site of a insect bite site with Trypanosomes?
Where do these microbes concentrate? Characterstic morphology of plasma cells? |
Large red rubbery chancre
Capillary loops (Glomeruli, Virchow's Space, Choroid Plexus) Mott Cells |
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____ ___ is a intracellular kinetoplastid which causes American Typanosomiasis and Chagas Disease
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trypanosoma cruzi
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What transmits the parasites of Chagas Disease?
What is present at the site of skin entry? |
"Kissing Bugs" Triatomids
a transient erythematous nodule "Chagoma" |
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What are the characteristic results of Chagas disease?
What is the mechanism of this? (2) |
Achalasia, Megacolon
Dilated Cardiomyopathy Immune response to organisms and cross-reactivity causes autoimmunity |
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What is present in the myocardium during Chagas disease?
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Intracellular Pseudocysts
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Multicellular eurkaryotic parasites
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Metazoa
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RoT for Strongyloides?
Reproduction mechanism? |
Skin --> Lungs --> Trachea --> SI
Parthenogensis (asexual) |
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Who is predisposed to serious infection with strongyloides?
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Patients undergoing corticosteroid therapy
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What is present at the site of Strongyloides infection?
What is unique to this microbes cycle? |
@ Duodenal Crypts
Eosinophils, Inflammatory cells, worms/larvae/eggs |
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the ____ is the head of the taenia solium tapeworm which contains sucker and hooklets for binding to the intestinal wall
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Scolex
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_____ are the reproductive areas of the Taenia solium, located in the ____ region of the microbe
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Proglottids
Tail |
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Convulsions and neurological symptoms of Cysticercosis are caused by?
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Ingestion of eggs/larvae from undercooked meats (Intermediate version)
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Viable T solium produces ____ and ____ to inhibit complement activation
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Taeniastatin and Paramyosin
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How do the cysts of Cysticercosis appear?
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White/Grey *Opalescent* grape-like lesions with a thick wall filled with scolex and hooklets
can calcify |
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_____ is the beef tapeworm
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Taenia saginata
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____ is the fish tapeworm
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Diphyllobothrium latum
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Large cysts of the liver with an inner nucleated and outer non-nucleated region, with the presence of "Hydatid sand" is characterstic of?
How is this acquired? |
Ingestion of food contaminated with eggs from canines
Uptaken in intestine |
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_____ produces intracellular cysts of skeletal and cardiac muscle through activation of the Th2 pathway, producing "Nurse Cells".
What muscles are preferentially infected? How is this transmitted? GI Presentation? CNS? |
Trichinosis spiralis
Highly Vascular Muscles - Diaphragm, extraocular, deltoid, gastrocnemius By the ingestion of larvae in uncooked meat Increased intestinal contractility Focal Gliosis |
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_____ is a nematode parasite that is acquired from ingestion of larvae from uncooked meat and produces intracellular cysts in muscle cells
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Trichinosis spiralis
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What is the morphology of the nurse cell in trichinosis infections?
What antibody is used in these infections |
loss of striation, vacuolization, gain of collagen capsule
Tyvelose |
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Which strain of Schistosoma causes hematuria and granulomatous disease of the bladder resulting in obstructive uropathy
Where is this found |
Haematobium
Africa |
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What form of the schistome infects humans
Transmitted by? Where do they normally settle? |
Cercariae
Snails In the Portal Vein |
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___ produced by Th2 cells is responsible for the hepatic fibrosis of Schistomiasis infections
What dominates the early phase immune reaction? Late Phase? |
IL-13
Th1 reactions Th2 Reaction |
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Characteristic morphology of the liver in Schistomiasis?
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Pinhead granulomas
Pipe-stem fibrosis Hyperpigmentation (Iron free) |
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Secondary effects of Schistomiasis?
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Portal HT
Splenomegaly Cor Pulmonale |
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Bladder morphology in S haematobium?
what cancer is this microbe associated with? |
Calcified bladder
SCC of the bladder |
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______ and _____ are nematodes responsible for lymphatic filariasis, which is transmitted by _______s
what infects these nematodes that is required for growth and stimulate immune reactions |
Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi/timori
Wolbachia bacteria |
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Cause of damage in Elephantisis (lymatic filariasis)?
Cause of damage in tropical pulmonary eosinophilia? (lymphatic filariasis) |
Th1 mediated responses forming granulomas
IgE hypersensitivity |
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Tough cutaneous fibrosis and epithelial hyperkeratosis
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Elephantiasis of Lymphatic Filariasis
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What is thickened and calcified in the testis in Filariasis?
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Tunica Vaginalis
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Meyers-Kouvenaar Bodies
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small dead microfilariae small withinepithelioid granulomas in the lungs characteristic of Filariasis
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Recurrent Filarial Funiculoepididymitis
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intense eosinophilia with hemorrhage and fibrin on Filariasis
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Filarial nematode transmitted by black flies which causes "River Blindness" in Africa
What has greatly reduced its presence? |
Onchocerca volvulus
Ivermectin |
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What is the Mazzotti Reaction?
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Accentuation of Puncate Keratitis following treatment for Onchocerciasis
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_____ kills _____ which is required for the fertility of Onchocecra volvus (and W bancrofti / Brugia)
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Doxycyline
Wolbachia |
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Characterstic Skin finding of Onchocerca volvulus?
Eye Presentation? |
"Onchoceroma" SubQ
Leopard/Lizard/Elephant Skin Puncate Keratitis Sclerosing Keratitis @ Scleral Limbus |
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Severe Disseminated Candidias occurs in patients who are ______, causing ____ and ____
What other, similar defects, predispose? |
Neutropenic
DIC and Shock NADPH oxidase / MPO defects |
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How does Brugia Malayi inhibit immune defenses in Filariasis? (4)
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Antioxidant surface glycoproteins
Serpins inhibit neutrophil proteases Cystatin homologues inhib MHCII TGF-B Homologues decrease inflamm |
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Candida produce ____ which blocks neutrophil oxygen radical production and degranulation
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adenosine
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_____ is an important determinant of virulence in Candida
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Adhesion (avirulent without adhesion molecules)
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the ____ form of Candida stimulates a protective antifungal Th1 response while the ____ form stimulates a nonprotective Th2 response
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yeast form Th1
Filamentous form Th2 |
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Which candida form enters can escape phagosomes and proliferate in the cytoplasm?
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Filamentous
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Blastoconidia
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Yeast form of Candida
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Thrush
appearance? predisposition? |
Supericial Candida Infection
Dirty-looking grey/white pseudomembranes Newborns, debilitated, corticosteroid therpay, broad spectrum antibiotics |
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1 Characterstic Histologic appearance of Candida?
2 How does Candida Esophagitis present? 3 Predispositons to Vaginitis? |
1 Pseudohyphae
2 Dysphagia and Retrosternal pain 3 Diabetes, Pregnancy, Oral Contraceptives |
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Cutaneous Candidiasis:
1 @ Nail Proper 2 @ Nail Fold 3 @ Hair Follicle 4 @ Armpits/Webs of Fingers 5 @ Penis 6 @ Infantile Perineum |
1 Onychomycosis
2 Paronychia 3 Folliculitis 4 Intertrigo 5 Balantitis 6 Diaper Rash |
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What is present, regardless of location, in systemic Candida?
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Abscesses
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____ is the most common fungal endocarditis, normally occuring on prosthetic valves or in drug users
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Candida
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____ is an encapsulated yeast that causes meningoencephalitis opportunitically
1 RoT? 2 Major Virulence Factor? 3 Evasion of Immunity? 4 Microbial characterstics |
Cryptococcis neoformans
1 Inhalation of pidgeon droppings 2 Glucuronoxylomannin (capsular polysacc) 3 phenotypic variation of capsule polysacc 4 5-10um encapsulated yeast in gelatinous capsule |
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_____ appears with a thick capsule with a clear halo within a dark background on India Ink
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C neoformans
PAS, mucicarmine |
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______ is mucicarmine/PAS+ in the virchow-robin perivascular space with SOAP-BUBBLE lesions
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C neoformans
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Where does a rare granulomatous arteritis occur in C neoformans?
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Circle of Willis
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_____ causes sinusitis, pneumonia, and invasive disease in neutropenic or corticosteroid recieiving patients. It is transmitted by inhalation of small 2-3um asexual *Conidia* which then form into *hypae* which invade tissues
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Aspergillus fumigatus
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In Aspergillosis, macrophages kill ____ while neutrophils kill _____
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Conidia are killed by macrophages
Hyphae are killed by neutrophils |
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_____ and ____ are ribotoxins of Aspergillus that inhibit host-cell protein synthesis by degrading mRNAs
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Restrictocin and Mitogillin
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______ is produced by aspergillus and leads to liver cancer in Africa
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Alfatoxin
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Patient with recurrent hemoptysis and brownish "Fungal Balls" in lung cavities
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Aspergillus
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Target Lesions?
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Sharply delinateated, rounded, gray foci with hemorrhagic borders causing necrotizing pneumonia in Aspergillus infection
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Characterstic appearance of Aspergillus on Silver Stain? (Gomori)
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Acute (45 degree) hyphal branching
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nonseptae irregularly wide (6-50um) fungal hyphae brancing at 90degree angles
Common Locations? RoT? Brain lesion of Diabetics related? |
Mucomycosis (Zygomycosis)
Lungs, Sinuses, (GI) Inhalation of "Bread mold fungi" Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis |