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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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normal measurement of blood pressure is systemic or pulmonary
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systemic
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how does pulmonary blood pressure compare to systemic
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pulmonar is much lower (normally 24/8) - systemic is 120/80
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what are sinoatrial (SV) nodes & atrioventricular (AV) nodes composed of
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autoryhthmic cells
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what causes depolarization of the cells in sinoatrial (SA) & atrioventricular nodes (4 steps)
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unstable RMP → K⁺ channels closed (no K⁺ leakage out of cells) → depolarize slowly until threshold is reached → Ca²⁺ channels open
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depolarization of cell structures of sinoatrial (SA) leads to contraction of which heart chamber
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right + left atria
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which valves are open during depolarization of sinoatrial (SA) node
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atrioventricular valves (tricuspid + bicuspid) are open
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which valves are closed during depolarization of sinoatrial (SA) node
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aortic semilunar + pulmonary semilunar valves are closed
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when the atrioventricular valves close, which heart chambers are contracting
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right + left ventricles
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which structure is the only electrical connection between the atria & ventricles
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atrioventricular (AV) bundle of His
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the atrioventricular (AV) valves will be held tightly shut due to the impulse reaching ____ ____, which causes contraction of the ____ ____
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purkinje fiber - papillary muscle
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what cardiac cycle event is occuring at the P
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atrial depolarization
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what event is occuring during the QRS complex
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ventricular depolarization
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what event does the T wave represent
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ventricular repolarization
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why isn't there a visible wave during atrial repolarization
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masked by QRS complex (electrical events during ventricular depolarization)
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what is the normal time duration for 1 complete cycle
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0.8 seconds
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what is the quiescent period
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period when all chambers are in diastole simultaneously
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where is the quiescent period on the ECG reading normally
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follows T wave
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a patient who has recently suffered a myocardial infarction shows no P wave on the ECG. What region is suspected to have damage
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sinoatrial (SA) node - there is no atrial depolarizations
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stroke volume is
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amount of blood pumped out of 1 ventricle during 1 contraction
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cardiac output is … (normal value is ____)
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stroke volume x HR - (5.5 liters per minute)
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starling's law of the heart states
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the more blood that comes back from the veins the more blood is pumped by the heart
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tachycardia is
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abnormally ↑HR (over 100)
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bradychardia is
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abnormally ↓HR (under 60)
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what effect will this have on stroke volume, increased venous blood return to the heart
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↑SV
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what effect will this have on stroke volume, exercise (increased action of skeletal muscle contractions on veins)
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↑SV
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what effect will this have on stroke volume, blood loss
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↓SV
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what effect will this have on stroke volume, sympathetic innervation
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↑SV
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what effect will this have on heart rate or heart function, sympathetic innervation
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↑HR
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what effect will this have on heart rate or heart function, parasympathetic innervation
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↓HR
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what effect will this have on heart rate or heart function, carotid & aortic sinuses (baroreceptors)
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↓HR
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what effect will this have on heart rate or heart function, atrial (bainbridge) reflex
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↑HR
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what effect will this have on heart rate or heart function, epinephrine
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↑HR
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what effect will this have on heart rate or heart function, thyroxin
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↑HR
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what effect will this have on heart rate or heart function, hypercalcemia
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↑heart irritability ↑spastic contractions
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what effect will this have on heart rate or heart function, hypocalcemia
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↓HR
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what effect will this have on heart rate or heart function, hyperkalemia (potassium)
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heart block & cardiac arrest
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what effect will this have on heart rate or heart function, hypokalemia
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weak heartbeat - abnormal rhythms
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what is ventricular fibrillation
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lack of synchronized contraction of cardiac fibers
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can ventricular fibrillation be corrected
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yes
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how can ventricular fibrillation be corrected
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must defibrillate with electrical shock
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what is congestive heart failure
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cardiac output of the heart is so low that blood circulation is inadequate to meet tissue needs
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what might cause congestive heart failure (3)
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myocardial infarction - atherosclerosis - hypertension
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