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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ribose
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What is the RNAs sugar?
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Transcription
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The process of synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template. Involves RNA polymerase binding to a promotor. Uracil substitutes for thymine.
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RNA polymerase
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Involves ____ __________ binding to a promotor.
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uracil
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What substitutes for thymine in transcription?
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introns
exons |
In transcription of eukaryotic cells, a extra processing step is needed: _______ are removed and _____ are joined together with a cap and tail.
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Translation
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The use of mRNA template in protein synthesis.
1. initiation 2. elongation 3. termination/stop |
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Initiation
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mRNA becomes associated with a ribosome.
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elongation
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A series of Transfer RNAs (tRNA) each with a specific A.A. attaches to mRNA in the ribosome. Peptide bonds form btwn A.A.
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peptide
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What kind of bonds form btwn A.A. in the elongation step of translation?
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phosphate
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What holds nucleotides together in DNA?
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hydrogen bonds
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What joins together the 2 antiparallel strands of DNA?
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codon
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each set of 3 bases on mRNA is called _______.
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amino acid
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Each codon specifies a specific _______ ______.
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anticodon
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tRNA carries the ________ and the amino acid.
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termination/stop
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A codon or signal attaches and the ribosome, mRNA and protein separate.
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Fredrick Grifith
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Working with two strains of Strep. pneunoniae
Heat kiiled virulent (w/capsules) + Live avirulent (no capsules) = Live virulent (with capsules) |
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Genetic transfer
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Transformation
Conjugation Transduction |
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Transformation
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The process in which genes are transferred from one bacterial cell to another as "naked" DNA.
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Mechanism of transformation
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Fragments of DNA from lysed cells are taken up by other bacteria and recombine with their own DNA.
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Conjugation
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Transfer of genetic information from one bacteria to another by cell to cell contact. Donor (F+) cell attaches to recipient (F-) cells by means of sex pili and transfers genetic material. Can transfer plasmids or parts of it own chromosome.
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transduction
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Transfer of genetic material from one bateria to another by means of a bacteriophage (a virus that infects a bacteria). eg. cancer genes
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Plasmids
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Small self-replication circles of DNA found in many bacteria.
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F plasmids
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fertility
Formation of sex pili |
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Bacteriocinogenic plasmids
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bacteriocins
protein which kill other bacteria. |
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R plasmids
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resistance factors
provide resistance to antibiotics and other chemicals. (often coupled with gene for replication, conjugation and transfer.) |
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Plasmids
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are used for toxin production
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Mutations
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An alteration in base pair sequence. (mutations in gametes can be passed on to offspring)
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Spontaneous mutations
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Results from mistakes in replication or natural background radiation. (1 mutation/10^5 - 10^10 replications)
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Induced mutations
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Mutagens/mutagenic agents: Agents which alter DNA. eg. X-rays; carcinogens
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Same-sense
Mis-sense Nonsense |
What are the categories of mutation for point mutations?
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Same-sense mutations
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A mutation that codes for the same A.A.
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Mis-sense mutations
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Cose for a different A.A.
e.g. Sickle cell anemia : CTT = glutamic acid changed to CAT = valine |
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Nonsense mutations
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A mutation that codes for a "stop" signal or a stop signal is substituted with an A.A.
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Frameshift mutations
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A mutation caused by the addition or deletion of one or more bases in DNA.
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Insertions or Deletions
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Results in misreading of many codons.
eg. deletion The Cat ate the rat Thc ata tet her at |
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Transposons
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Barbara McClintok
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Transposons
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A small piece of DNA that can move from one DNA molecule to another.
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"Jumping genes"
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transposons
Segments of DNA that can move their position in the genome. |
