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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which of the following is (are) characteristic of a simple nervous system? A) a nerve net such as is found in cnidarians B) nerve cell ganglia C) having electrical impulses traveling in both directions D) both A and C E) A, B, and C |
Answer: D
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Which of the following is associated with the evolution of a central nervous system? A) a complete gut
B) bilateral symmetry
C) radial symmetry
D) a closed circulatory system
E) excitable membranes
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B) bilateral symmetry
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3) An organism that lacks integration centers
A) cannot receive stimuli.
B) will not have a nervous system.
C) will not be able to interpret stimuli.
D) can be expected to lack myelinated neurons.
E) both A and D
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C) will not be able to interpret stimuli. |
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Where is the most likely location of a group of nerve cell bodies known as a ganglion?
A) in the central nervous system B) in the peripheral nervous system C) anywhere in the nervous system D) within the brain E) within the spinal cord |
B) in the peripheral nervous system
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The general functions of the nervous system include which of the following? I.integration II.motor output III.sensory input A) I only B) II only C) III only D) I and II only E) I, II, and III |
E) I, II, and III |
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What do muscles, nerves, and glands have in common?
A) They synapse with neurons. b) They are referred to as postsynaptic cells. C) They are target cells. D) A and B only E) A, B, and C |
E) A, B, and C |
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Integration of simple responses to certain stimuli, such as the patellar reflex, is accomplished by which of the following?
A) spinal cord B) hypothalamus C) corpus callosum D) cerebellum E) medulla |
A) spinal cord
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The blood-brain barrier
A) is formed by tight junctions. B) is formed by oligodendrocytes. C) tightly regulates the intracellular environment of the CNS. D) uses chemical signals to communicate with the spinal cord. E) provides support to the brain tissue.
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A) is formed by tight junctions.
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Which of the following statements is false?
A) All cells have a membrane potential. B) Gray matter is the site of neuronal integration. C) Astrocytes can communicate with nerve cells. D) The outside of a cell is negative with respect to the inside of a cell. E) Squid axons are a model system for nerve conductance. |
D) The outside of a cell is negative with respect to the inside of a cell.
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If the concentration of potassium in the cytoplasm of a nerve cell with a resting membrane potential of -70 mV were elevated above normal, the new resting potential would
A) still be -70 mV. B) be -69 mV or higher. C) be -71 mV or lower. D) be 0 mV. E) reverse polarity.
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B) be -69 mV or higher.
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Neurons at rest are not at the equilibrium potential for K + because the cell membrane is
A) only permeable to K + B) slightly permeable to Na+ C) not permeable to Na+ D) not permeable to K + E) only permeable to Na+. |
B) slightly permeable to Na+
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If an otherwise normal nerve cell were made permeable to large negative ions, what would happen?
A) The membrane potential would not form. B) Potassium would not leave the resting cell. C) Sodium would not enter the resting cell. D) The membrane potential would become positive. E) The sodium-potassium pump would not function. |
A) The membrane potential would not form.
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The sodium-potassium pump of neurons pumps
A) Na+ and K + into the cell. B) Na+ and K + out of the cell. C) Na+ into the cell and K + out of the cell. D) Na+ out of the cell and K + into the cell. E) Na+ and K + into the cell and H+ out of the cell through an antiport. |
D) Na+ out of the cell and K + into the cell.
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Which of the following is a
correct statement about a resting neuron?
A) It releases lots of acetylcholine. B) The membrane is very leaky to sodium. C) The membrane is equally permeable to sodium and potassium. D) The membrane potential is more negative than the threshold potential. E) The concentration of sodium is greater inside the cell than outside. |
D) The membrane potential is more negative than the threshold potential.
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Which of following is a true statement about the threshold potential of a membrane?
A) It is equal to about 35 mV. B) It is equal to about 70 mV. C) It opens voltage-sensitive gates that result in the rapid outflow of sodium ions. D) It is the depolarization that is needed to generate an action potential. E) It is a graded potential that is proportional to the strength of a stimulus |
D) It is the depolarization that is needed to generate an action potential.
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Which statement about transmission along neurons is false? A) The rate of transmission of a nerve impulse is directly related to the diameter of the axon. B) The intensity of a stimulus is related to the magnitude of the action potential. C) The resting potential is maintained by differential ion permeabilities and the sodium-potassium pump. D) Once initiated, local depolarizations stimulate a propagation of serial action potentials down the axon. |
B) The intensity of a stimulus is related to the magnitude of the action potential. |
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What is the mode of action of a toxin that binds specifically to the voltage-gated sodium channels of axons?
A) block all sodium movement B) block repolarization C) prevent the axon from reaching the threshold potential D) A and B only
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C) prevent the axon from reaching the threshold potential
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After an action potential, the resting potential is restored by
A) the opening of sodium activation gates. B) the opening of voltage-sensitive potassium channels and the closing of sodium activation gates. C) an increase in the membrane's permeability to potassium and chloride ions. D) the delay in the action of the sodium-potassium pump. |
B) the opening of voltage-sensitive potassium channels and the closing of sodium activation gates.
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Repolarization of the membrane of a neuron after an action potential is a consequence of which of the following? I.calcium channels opening II.Na+ channels inactivating III.K+ channels opening
A) I only B) II only C) III only D) I and II only E) II and III only
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E) II and III only
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In the sequence of permeability changes that depolarizes and then repolarizes the membrane of a neuron during an action potential, which of the following changes occurs first?
A) Sodium gates open. B) The sodium-potassium pump shuts down. C) The sodium-potassium pump is activated. D) K+ gates close. E) K+ gates open. |
A) Sodium gates open.
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Action potentials are normally carried in one direction from the axon hillock to the axon terminals. By using an electronic probe, you experimentally depolarize the middle of the axon to threshold. What do you expect?
A) No action potential will be initiated. B) An action potential will be initiated and proceed in the normal direction toward the axon terminal. C) An action potential will be initiated and proceed back toward the axon hillock. D) Two action potentials will be initiated, one going toward the axon terminal and one going back toward the hillock. E) An action potential will be initiated, but it will die out before it reaches the axon terminal |
D)Two action potentials will be initiated, one going toward the axon terminal and one going back toward the hillock.
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Saltatory conduction is a term applied to conduction of impulses
A) across electrical synapses. B) along the postsynaptic membrane from dendrite to axon hillock. C) in two directions at the same time. D) from one neuron to another. E) along myelinated nerve fibers. |
E) along myelinated nerve fibers. |
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Which animal movement could be used to represent impulse conductance along a myelinated axon?
A) a person out on a power walk B) an earthworm moving along the surface of the ground C) an amoeba extending pseudopodia D) a moth moving toward a light E) a frog leaping between lily pads |
E) a frog leaping between lily pads |
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Where do synaptic vesicles discharge their contents by exocytosis? A) dendrite B) axon hillock C) nodes of Ranvier D) postsynaptic membrane E) presynaptic membrane |
E) presynaptic membrane
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Neurotransmitters are released from presynaptic axon terminals into the synaptic cleft by which mechanism?
A) osmosis B) active transport C) diffusion D) endocytosis E) exocytosis
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E) exocytosis
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Which of the following offers the best description of neural transmission across a mammalian synaptic gap?
A) Neural impulses involve the flow of K + and Na+ across the gap. B) Neural impulses travel across the gap as electrical currents. C) Neural impulses cause the release of chemicals that diffuse across the gap. D) Neural impulses travel across the gap in both directions. E) The calcium within the axons and dendrites of nerves adjacent to a synapse acts as the neurotransmitter. |
C) Neural impulses cause the release of chemicals that diffuse across the gap.
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One disadvantage to a nerve net is that it can conduct impulses in two directions from the point of the stimulus. The vertebrate system conducts in only one direction. This one-way conduction occurs
A) as a result of the nodes of Ranvier. B) as a result of voltage-gated sodium channels found in the vertebrate system. C) because vertebrate nerve cells have dendrites. D) because only the postsynaptic cells can bind neurotransmitters. E) because the sodium-potassium pump moves ions in one direction. |
D) because only the postsynaptic cells can bind neurotransmitters.
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During an IPSP, the membrane of the postsynaptic cell becomes more permeable to
A) K + B) Na+ C) Ca2+ D) GABA. E) serotonin |
A) K +
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Given the steps shown below, which of the following is the correct sequence for transmission at a chemical synapse? 1. Neurotransmitter binds with receptors associated with the postsynaptic membrane. 2.Ca2+ ions rush into neuron's cytoplasm. 3. Action potential depolarizes the synaptic terminal membrane. 4. Ligand-gated ion channels open. 5. Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.
A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 B) 2, 3, 5, 4, 1 C) 3, 2, 5, 1, 4 D) 4, 3, 1, 2, 5 E) 5, 1, 2, 4, 3 |
C) 3, 2, 5, 1, 4
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A drug might act as a stimulant of the somatic nervous system if it
A) makes the membrane permanently impermeable to sodium. B) stimulates the activity of acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft. C) increases the release of substances that cause the hyperpolarization of the neurons. D) increases the sensitivity of the postsynaptic membrane to acetylcholine. E) increases the sensitivity of the presynaptic membrane to acetylcholine. |
D) increases the sensitivity of the postsynaptic membrane to acetylcholine.
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How does an EPSP facilitate depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane?
A) by increasing the permeability of the membrane to Na+ B) by increasing the permeability of the membrane to K + C) by insulating the hillock region of the axon D) by allowing Cl – to enter the cell E) by stimulating the sodium-potassium pump |
A) by increasing the permeability of the membrane to Na+
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The postsynaptic membrane of a nerve may be stimulated by certain neurotransmitters to permit the influx of negative chloride ions into the cell. This process will result in
A) membrane depolarization. B) an action potential. C) the production of an IPSP. D) the production of an EPSP. E) the membrane bcoming more positive. |
C) the production of an IPSP.
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Neurotransmitters categorized as inhibitory would not be expected to
A) bind to receptors. B) open K + channels. C) open Na+ channels. D) open Cl– channels. E) hyperpolarize the membrane. |
C) open Na+ channels.
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Which of the following statements is
true regarding temporal summation?
A) The sum of simultaneously arriving neurotransmitters from different presynaptic nerve cells determines whether the postsynaptic cell fires.
B) Several action potentials arrive in fast succession without allowing the postsynaptic cell to return to its resting potential.
C) Several IPSPs arrive concurrently, bringing the presynaptic cell closer to its threshold.
D) Several postsynaptic cells fire at the same time when neurotransmitters are released from several synaptic terminals simultaneously.
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B) Several action potentials arrive in fast succession without allowing the postsynaptic cell to return to its resting potential.
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A neurotransmitter can trigger different responses in postsynaptic cells due to which of the following?
A) receptor mode of action B) receptors present C) concentration of neurotransmitter D) A and B only E) A, B, and C |
D) A and B only
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Which statement could be applied to
both the nervous system and the endocrine system?
A) They both use chemical signaling. B) The final response depends on the receptor mode of action. C) Specific parts of both systems use chemical messengers produced by axons. D) Only A and B are correct. E) A, B, and C are correct |
E) A, B, and C are correct |
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Neurotransmitters affect postsynaptic cells by
A) initiating signal transduction pathways in the cells. B) causing molecular changes in the cells. C) affecting ion-channel proteins. D) altering the permeability of the cells. E) all of the above |
E) all of the above |
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What is the main neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic system?
A) acetylcholine B) cholinesterase C) norepinephrine D) adrenaline E) dopamine |
A) acetylcholine
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What is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain?
A) acetylcholine B) cholinesterase C) norepinephrine D) dopamine E) GABA |
E) GABA |
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Which statement is true ?
A) Nitric oxide is an example of a neurotransmitter stored in presynaptic vesicles. B) Learning does not appear to require a specific number of neurons. C) Organisms with bilateral symmetry were first to have nerve nets. D) Biogenic amines are derived from proteins. E) Serotonin is a neurotransmitter synthesized from tyrosine. |
B) Learning does not appear to require a specific number of neurons.
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Cerebrospinal fluid can be described as all of the following except
A) functioning in transport of nutrients and hormones through the brain. B) a product of the filtration of blood by the brain. C) formed from layers of connective tissue. D) functioning to cushion the brain. E) filling cavities in the brain called ventricles. |
C) formed from layers of connective tissue.
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Which area of the brain is most intimately associated with the unconscious control of respiration and circulation?
A) thalamus B) cerebellum C) medulla D) corpus callosum E) cerebrum
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C) medulla
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Which selection is incorrectly paired?
A) forebrain-diencephalon B) forebrain-cerebrum C) midbrain-brainstem D) midbrain-cerebellum E) brainstem-pons
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D) midbrain-cerebellum
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What would be most affected if an accident caused trauma to the hypothalamus?
A) sorting of sensory information B) processing of motor information in the cerebellum C) the production of CSF D) regulation of body temperature
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D) regulation of body temperature
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The motor cortex is part of which part of the nervous system?
A) cerebrum B) cerebellum C) spinal cord D) midbrain E) medulla |
A) cerebrum
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What do Wernicke's and Broca's regions of the brain affect?
A) olfaction B) vision C) speech D) memory E) hearing |
C) speech
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If you were writing an essay, which part of the brain would be most active?
A) temporal and frontal lobes B) parietal lobe C) Broca's area D) Wernicke's area E) occipital lobe |
A) temporal and frontal lobes |
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Our understanding of mental illness has been most advanced by discoveries involving
A) degree of convolutions in the brain's surface. B) evolution of the telencephalon. C) sequence of developmental specialization. D) chemicals involved in brain communications. E) nature of the blood-brain barrier. |
D) chemicals involved in brain communications.
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An impulse relayed along a myelinated axon "jumps" from ________ to ________.
A) oligodendrocyte; Schwann cell B) node of Ranvier; Schwann cell C) node of Ranvier; node of Ranvier D) Schwann cell; Schwann cell E) Schwann cell; node of Ranvier |
C) node of Ranvier; node of Ranvier
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A stimulus has opened the voltage-gated sodium channels in an area of a neuron's plasma membrane. As a result, ________ rushes into the neuron and diffuses to adjacent areas; this in turn results in the ________ in the adjacent areas. A) potassium; opening of voltage-gated potassium channels
B) sodium; opening of voltage-gated potassium channels
C) sodium; opening of voltage-gated sodium channels
D) sodium; closing of voltage-gated sodium channels
E) potassium; opening of voltage-gated sodium channels
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C) sodium; opening of voltage-gated sodium channels
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Which of these causes the release of neurotransmitter molecules?
A) the receipt of a signal from the postsynaptic neuron. B) the opening of voltage-gate calcium channels and the diffusion of calcium ions out of the neuron. C) an action potential reaching the end of the cell body. D) an action potential reaching the end of the axon. E) an action potential reaching the end of the dendrite. |
D) an action potential reaching the end of the axon.
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A previously unknown organism has been discovered. It contains long cells with excitable membranes that scientists suspect are used for rapid information transfer. The membrane of the cell is permeable only to ion X, which carries a negative charge. Active transport pumps in the membrane move X into the cell while simultaneously moving ion Y, also carrying a negative charge, out of the cell. Which of the following is true about the establishment of the resting membrane potential in this cell?
A) The resting potential of this cell will be zero.
B) The resting potential of this cell will be negative.
C) A negative resting potential is directly produced by the pump moving a negative charge into the cell.
D) A negative resting potential is directly produced by the diffusion of Y– into the cell.
E) A positive resting potential is directly produced by the diffusion of X– out of the cell. |
E) A positive resting potential is directly produced by the diffusion of X– out of the cell. |
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When neurotransmitter Z is released into the extracellular fluid in contact with a portion of the cell membrane, channels open that allow both X– and Y– through the membrane. Which of the following is incorrect ?
A) The magnitude of the potential will immediately increase.
B) Y– will diffuse into the cell.
C) X – will diffuse out of the cell.
D) The membrane will depolarize.
E) The channels are chemically gated. |
A) The magnitude of the potential will immediately increase.
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a neuropeptide that functions as a natural analgesic? A. acetylcholine B. epinephrine C. endorphin D. serotonin E. GABA |
C. endorphin
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an amino acid that operates at inhibitory synapses in the brain? A. acetylcholine B. epinephrine C. endorphin D. serotonin E. GABA
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E. GABA
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What happens when a neuron's membrane depolarizes?
A) There is a net diffusion of Na+ out of the cell. B) The K + equilibrium potential becomes more positive. C) The magnitude of the membrane voltage is reduced. D) The neuron becomes less likely to generate an action potential. E) The inside of the cell becomes more negative relative to the outside |
C) The magnitude of the membrane voltage is reduced.
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Why are action potentials usually conducted in only one direction along an axon? A) The nodes of Ranvier conduct only in one direction. B) The brief refractory period prevents reopening of voltage-gated Na+ channels. C) The axon hillock has a higher membrane potential than the terminals of the axon. D) Ions can flow along the axon in only one direction. E) Voltage-gated channels for both Na+ and K open in only one direction. |
B) The brief refractory period prevents reopening of voltage-gated Na+ channels.
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Which of the following is a direct result of depolarizing the presynaptic membrane of an axon terminal?
A) Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the membrane open. B) Synaptic vesicles fuse with the membrane. C) The postsynaptic cell produces an action potential. D) Ligand-gated channels open allowing neurotransmitters to enter the synaptic cleft. E) An EPSP or IPSP is generated in the postsynaptic cell. |
A) Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the membrane open.
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What is the neocortex?
A) a primitive brain region common to reptiles and mammals
B) a region deep in the cortex that is associated with the formation of emotional memories
C) a central part of the cortex that receives olfactory information
D) an additional outer layer of neurons in the cerebral cortex that is unique to mammals
E) an association area of the frontal lobe that is involved in higher cognitive functions |
D) an additional outer layer of neurons in the cerebral cortex that is unique to mammals
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Which of the following provides evidence that brain circuits involved in emotion form early during human development?
A) Humans are more likely to be able to recall emotional memories from childhood than factual memories. B) Infants can understand language before they can speak. C) Such circuits involve parts of the brain that evolved before the neocortex evolved. D) Young infants can bond to a caregiver and express fear, distress, and anger. E) Individuals with damage to the amygdala no longer have autonomic responses to stressful stimuli. |
D) Young infants can bond to a caregiver and express fear, distress, and anger.
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Which of the following structures or regions is
incorrectly paired with its function?
A) limbic system-motor control of speech
B) medulla oblongata-homeostatic control
C) cerebellum-coordination of movement and balance
D) corpus callosum-communication between the left and right cerebral cortices
E) hypothalamus-regulation of temperature, hunger, and thirst
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A) limbic system-motor control of speech
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Where are neurotransmitter receptors located?
A) on the nuclear membrane
B) at nodes of Ranvier
C) on the postsynaptic membrane
D) on the membranes of synaptic vesicles
E) in the myelin sheath
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C) on the postsynaptic membrane
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A common feature of action potentials is that they A) cause the membrane to hyperpolarize and then depolarize. B) can undergo temporal and spatial summation. C) are triggered by a depolarization that reaches the threshold. D) move at the same speed along all axons.
E) result from the diffusion of Na+ and K + through ligand-gated channels.
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C) are triggered by a depolarization that reaches the threshold.
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Which disease or disorder is caused by the death of brain neurons that release dopamine?
A) schizophrenia B) bipolar disorder C) major depression D) Alzheimer's disease E) Parkinson's disease |
D) Alzheimer's disease
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Which of the following best describes how an axon grows toward its target cell?
A) The axon grows in a direct path, attracted by signal molecules released by target cells. B) Cells along the growth path release signal molecules that either attract or repel the axon, and the interaction of CAMs on the growth cone and neighboring cells may provide tracks that guide axon growth. C) Nerve growth factor released by astrocytes stimulates a neural progenitor cell to differentiate into a neuron, whose axon then grows toward an increasing concentration of signal molecules. D) The axon produces growth-promoting proteins only in its growth cone, causing the axon to grow in an outward direction toward its target cells. |
B) Cells along the growth path release signal molecules that either attract or repel the axon, and the interaction of CAMs on the growth cone and neighboring cells may provide tracks that guide axon growth.
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