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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the components of the upper and lower urinary tracts and what is their pain distribution?
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Upper - kidneys, ureters (paired structures; pain is lateralised)
Lower - bladder, urethra (unpaired; midline pain) |
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What action transports urine to the bladder?
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active peristalsis by ureter smooth muscle
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What is the function of the urethra?
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passage for urine from bladder to outside
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What does vesica mean in Latin and kystic in Greek?
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bladder - ie. vesical pouch or cystitis relate to the bladder
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Why are kidneys reddsh brown in colour?
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They receive ~20-25% cardiac output
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What is the renal fascia?
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a condensation of connective tissue (extraperitoneal)
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What is the relationship between perinephric fat and perirenal fat?
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PARAmatta Rd is outside the PERImeter of the university.
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What stops the suprarenal gland being removed with kidney dissection?
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a thin fascial septum separating the two
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Which is more posterior: Renal artery, vein or renal pelvis? What are these three structures called as a whole?
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pelvis
together they are called the renal pedicle |
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What is the relationship between renal capsule, hilum and sinus?
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Renal capsule surrounds kidney, below is a layer of fat. When it opens into the kidney "like a door" it is the renal hilum, and inside the door is the renal sinus
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What does calyx mean in Latin?
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wine glass - the renal calices are wine glass shaped, receiving the 'wine' from the renal papillae of the medullary pyramids
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What is the nutcracker syndrome?
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compression of left renal vein between superior mesenteric artery and abdominal aorta
may cause haematuria or proteinura, left flank pain, left sided varicocele and left testicular pain |
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What is the most posterior structure of the abdominal cavity?
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kidney
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What are the four muscles lying behind the kidney?
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diaphragm, psoas major, quadratus lumborum, aponeurosis of transverse abdominis
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What nerves run behind the kidney?
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subcostal, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal
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What pathology can result from surgical incision to R kidney?
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pneumothorax, due to kidney's relationship to pleural cavity.
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What structures lie anteriorly to the kidneys?
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Left - stomach, spleen and tail of pancreas
Right - liver, small intestine Both - colon, suprarenal glands |
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What is the relationship between ureters and ductus deferens/uterine artery?
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"Water under the bridge"
"bridge" = ductus deferens (male) or uterine artery (female) |
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What are the constriction points of the ureter and what pathologies may arise from them?
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1. start: pelviureteric junction
2. middle: pelvic brim (anterior to sacroilliac joint) 3. end: medial to ischial spine pathology: uteric calculus (kidney stone). Leads to uteric colic (loin to groin pain) or hydroureter and hydronephrosis (with progressive renal parenchymal damage) |
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What is the difference between hydronephrosis and hydroureter?
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hydronephrosis: pressure in kidney from urine build up (from calculus), leading to pressure atrophy of renal tissue as a result
hydroureter: dilatation of the ureter from a lower blockage with additional hydronephrosis |
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What two structures form the early kidney in early development?
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ureteric bud and metanephric cap
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What is the structure of the foetal kidney?
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lobulated
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What structures are derived from the ureteric bud?
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ureter, renal pelvis, calyces and collecting ducts
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What structure/s are derived from the metanephric cap?
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nephron
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What connects the bladder to the umbilicus? What is it called during development?
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the urachus (it is called the allantois during development - it is hollow, but then becomes a fibrous cord (urachus))
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What is the name of the part of the trigone of bladder that bulges in some older men and why?
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the uvula - it bulges because of underlying prostate gland
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What does the urethra pass through to get to the vagina in females?
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sphincter urethrae
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Why are females more prone to urinary tract infections than males?
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Their urethra has a shorter course to the bladder (4cm, vs 20cm in male). leads to cystitis and urethritis (pain frequency and urgency)
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What are the parts of the male urethra and which segments are most and least distensible?
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sphincter vesicae (at bladder neck/internal urethral sphincter)
preprostatic urethra prostatic urethra (most distensible - to allow for semen and urine) membranous urethra (least distensible) sphincter urethrae (external urethral sphincter) spongy urethra external urethral orifice (narrowest part) |
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What lymph node remval can result in retrograde ejaculation?
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paraaortic lymph nodes as when removed can damage the splanchnic nerves (T11-L2). If they are both damaged, then retrograde jizzing.
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