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212 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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wave
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a disturbance
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medium
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any material (solid, liquid, or gas) that is being disturbed; doesn't undergo any net movement
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crest vs. trough
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crest- highest point/mountain
trough - lowest point/ valley |
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cycle
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one crest followed by a trough
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wavelength
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the length of the cycle
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amplitude
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height of the wave
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t/f the medium that creates the wave moves with the wave
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false- it vibrates in one place
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wave period
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the time it takes the medium to vibrate through one cycle
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frequency
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the number of cycles which pass a point in a given length of time
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hertz
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hz; cycles per second
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what is the frequency range of the human ear?
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20 c.p.s.-20000 c.p.s.
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how long does it take sound to travel one mile?
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5 secs
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current
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when the medium is actually moving
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what type of wave vibrates the medium at right angles to the direction the wave is moving?
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transverse wave
(ex: waves in a rope) |
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what type of wave vibrates the medium back & forth parallel to the direction the wave is moving?
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longitudinal wave
(ex: stretched slinky being pushed back & forth) |
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what type of wave vibrates the medium back & forth parallel to the direction the wave is moving?
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longitudinal wave/ compression
(ex: sound waves; stretched slinky pushed back & forth) |
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t/f sound waves are air currents
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false
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t/f if a wave is truly a wave, the medium only vibrates. the medium doesn't move along with the wave.
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true
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how fast do air waves travel through the air?
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700 mph or 1100 ft/sec
(varies w/ density of the air) |
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shock wave
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if an obj travels faster than the waves can propogate, the waves in front of the obj are bunched together to create this large amplitude wave
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sonic boom
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a shock wave by an obj moving faster than sound
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what is the ultimate speed of sound?
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700 mph
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ultrasonic sound waves
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high pitched sounds we cant hear; frequency is above 20000 Hz
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what is the principle of sonar
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ultrasonic waves being used under the water
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resonant frequency
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an objs own natural frequency of oscillation
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what's the frequency range of the human ear?
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20 Hz- 20000 Hz
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what is the speed of sound in the air?
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1100 ft/sec or 1 mile in 5 sec
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what happens to the resonant frequency of an obj if the mass of the obj is increased?
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the resonant frequency is lower
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a board is made to vibrate back & forth five times every second. why cant we hear it?
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the sound wave it produces is below 20 hz
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which of the following would have the highest resonant frequency?
a. house b. large bridge c. playground swing d. water glass |
d. water glass (least amt of mass)
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t/f ultrasonic sound waves can travel through a vacuum
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false
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you see a bolt of lightning and 20 secs later you hear the thunder. how far away was the lightning?
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4 miles
(sound travels 1 mile in 5 secs) |
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2 ways to get an obj to resonate
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1. tap it
2. place a source of sound nearby that's resonating @ the natural frequency of vibration of the obj |
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how can an opera singer break a glass using just their voice
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the singer must produce a note whose frequency matches the natural frequency of the glass. the wave causes the glass to shake back & forth then break
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4 uses of ultrasonic sound waves
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1. used underwater (sonar)
2. jewelers use it for cleaning 3. burglar alarm 4. medicine similar to xrays |
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electromagnetic wave
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a double transverse wave which travels through a vacuum at 186282 miles/sec.; fastest thing known & only wave that can pass through empty space
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ether
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an invisible and massless entity which filled the voids of space; an e.m. wave was considered a disturbance that propagated thru the ether
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the area under a graph where velocity is on the vertical scale & time on the horizontal scale represents what?
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distance moved
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which of the following types of em waves would be bent the most if they were passed through glass?
a. infra red waves b. green light waves c. radio waves d. uv waves e. violet light waves |
d. uv waves (the higher the frequency, the more the wave is bent)
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if an obj is seen by an observer to be moving at a speed near the speed of light, what is happening to the obj?
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becomes smaller & more massive
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nicolaus copernicus is associated w/ which theory?
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heliocentric
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coherant light
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many light waves which are all in phase w/ each other
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the acceleration of 10 ft/sec^2 means?
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for every sec that goes by, the obj gains 10 ft/sec in its velocity
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if pure blue light shines on a yellow piece of fluorescent paper, the paper will appear to be:
a. blue b. yellow c. green d. black |
b.
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what happens if air is blown past the top of a flat piece of plastic?
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the air pressure is decreased on the top of the plastic causing it to rise
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the energy found in a photon is said to come in indivisible little pieces. this was 1st indicated by:
a. the uv catastrophe b. interference of light waves c. debroglie waves d. photoelectric effect |
a.
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the suntan is produced by what kind of waves?
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uv waves
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when a car has its velocity changed from 10 miles/hr. to 40 miles/hr., the car can do how many times as much damage?
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16x (40/10=4^2=16)
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x-ray
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an electromagnetic wave of very high frequency
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what is the most often used method for producing em waves?
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nuclear rxn
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on joule of work is equal to:
a. raising 1/5 of a lb 39 inches b. raising 1 lb obj 1 ft in the air c. pushing w/force of 1 dyne & moving obj 1 cm |
a.
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mary & john are twins. theyre moving apart w/ a speed close to the velocity of light. according to the twin paradox, 1 of them will age at a slower rate than the other. which one will age at the slower rate?
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the one that had the most acceleration
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what happen when one crest meets one trough of the same size?
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they can each other out at the point of intersection
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a btu is the amt of heat required to do what?
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raise 1 lb. of water 1 degree fahrenheit
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most scientists believe that nothing is really vibrated when an em wave travels through space. instead they believe the wave moves in a leap frog fashion where an electric field is produced in front of a magnetic field & vice versa. this idea was brought about by..?
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maxwell's law
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nuclear power plants work in the process of:
a. laser principle b. nuclear fission c. nuclear fusion |
b.
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what will happen if a net force is placed on an obj.
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it will accelerate
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if an electron jumps from N shell to M shell of an atom:
a. atom breaks apart b. em wave will be absorbed c. em wave will be produced d. electron will form electricity |
c.
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what is reflected when white light is projected onto a black piece of paper?
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no light
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which has the fastest moving atoms?
a. atlantic ocean b. hot cup of coffee c. both have atoms moving @ the same speed |
b.
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planck's law
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the higher the frequency of a wave, the greater its energy
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em waves can push on objs; therefore, einstein said they must contain little bullets or quanta of energy. these packages of energy are called:
a. mesons b. electrons c. protons d. photons |
d.
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in order for a satellite to stay in orbit:
a. must be up high enough to be away from earth's gravity b. must move w/ same speed as earth rotates c. must move w/ a speed great enough to produce a centrifugal force to cancel the force of gravity |
c.
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a space ship moving through space @ 100,000 miles/sec. approaches a beam of light headed toward the space ship. the beam of light & the space ship are coming together at the rate of?
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186282 miles/sec
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why does a microwave oven cook food faster than a conventional over?
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microwaves penetrate foods & heat all layers simultaneously while a conventional oven heats only the surface & heat slowly works its way to the inner layers by conduction
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in an obj takes 4 secs to fall to the ground, from what height did the obj fall?
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256 ft.
(a=32 ft/sec^2; d=1/2at^2) |
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if an obj has a resonant frequency of 27 Hz:
a. the obj will vibrate back & forth 27x/sec. if its struck b. a sound wave whose frequency is 27 cycles/sec. will make the obj vibrate back & forth c. none of the above d. both a & b |
d.
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according to the heisenburg Uncertainty principle, which of the following light waves would be best for viewing small objs w/ a microscope?
a. violet light b. green light c. red light |
a. violet (small wavelength)
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stars shine by the process of?
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nuclear fusion
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a laser light is:
a. always red in color b. light of many diff frequencies which makes it powerful c. many light waves which are all in phase w/each other |
c.
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which wave occurance is used in making "glow in the dark" objs such as a watch dial?
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phosphorescence
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when an additional pressure is place on a gas in a closed container, the pressure will be the same everywhere inside the container. This is called?
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pascal's law
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wilhelm roentgen discovered?
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x-rays
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a light beam traveling from a material of less density to another material of greater density at an angle of less than 90 degress will be refracted:
a. toward the normal line b. away from the normal line c. wont be refracted |
a.
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distant galaxies can be shown to be moving away from us due to the doppler effect; the light being shifted:
a. to a lower frequency b. to a higher frequency c. to both higher & lower frequencies d. toward the blue end of the spectrum |
a.
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t/f in a nuclear fusion 4 hydrogen atoms are joined together to form a helium atom. the helium atom has less mass than the original 2 hydrogen atoms. the missing mass has been converted into energy.
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true
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what's the frequency range of the human eye?
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400 trillion Hz-750 trillion Hz
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what are the colors of the 3 primary lights?
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red, green, blue
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what color is the highest frequency that can be detected by the human eye?
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violet
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what color is the lowest frequency that can be detected by the human eye?
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red
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t/f an em wave is the only wave that can travel thru a vacuum
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true
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what causes us to perceive black & white since they arent colors?
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black is what we perceive when theres no visible light & white is what our eyes perceive when they're saturated w/ all colors
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diff btwn sound & light wave?
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sound: speed=1100 ft/sec; longitude/ compression wave; medium: any solid,liquid or gas, not vacuum; range: 20 cps-20000 cps (human ear)
em/light: 186,282 mi/sec; double transverse wave; any solid,liquid, gas & vacuum; 400-750 trillion cps (eye/visible light) |
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amplitude modulation (am)
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stations that broadcast by changing the size/amplitude of the wave
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frequency modulation (fm)
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stations that change the frequency of the wave
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what happens to the wavelength of an em wave as the frequency increases?
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becomes shorter
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which em wave contains greatest amt of energy?
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gamma ray
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which em wave has a frequency just below red light?
a. microwave b. infrared c. uv d. xray |
b.
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which em wave is sometimes incorrectly called "black light"?
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ultraviolet
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t/f an x-ray is not a ray, but instead a high frequency light
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true
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t/f uv waves travel thru space faster than violet light waves
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false
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list entire em spectrum in order from low frequency to high frequency.
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radio, microwaves, heat wave, infrared, visible light waves, uv, x-ray, gamma
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luminosity
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an obj that's radiating an em wave
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incoherant light
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waves that are out of step/ out of phase
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hologram
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lasers used to make these; yields a true 3D pic that enables depth perception & gives the ability to see above, below & behind objs by viewing them from diff angles
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what does laser stand for
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light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation
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why arent our present day 3d movies truly 3d?
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only depth, no parallax
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soldiers marching in step could be used to describe:
a. fluorescent effect b. doppler effect c. photoelectric effect d. coherant light e. incoherent light |
d.
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t/f all coherent light produced by a laser is red in color
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false
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5 uses of coherent light produced by a laser?
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communication, holograms, cd playing, welding detached retinas, burning away tumors
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4 ways to make an obj radiate light
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heating an obj.; chem reaction; nuclear reaction; pass charged particles/electricity thru a gas
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reflection of light
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when a wave hits an obj & returns
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incident wave
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the wave that hits an obj
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reflected wave
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the wave that bounces off the obj
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fiber optics
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a material that virtually reflects all light; used in medicine, communication & decorative lamps
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absorption of light
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if a waves not reflected, it may be absorbed; happens when a wave knocks the atoms of a material causing an increase in heat
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transmission of light
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wave passes thru an obj; frequency dependent- selective roadblock/filter
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law of reflection
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angle of incident = angle of reflection
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what happens to light that's absorbed?
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turns into heat
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what color(s) are absorbed by pure green objs?
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every color but green
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if white light shines on a regular sheet of red paper, the paper reflects..?
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red light waves
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which of the following would become the hottest due to absorption of light when blue light shines on them?
a. blue paper b. red paper c. white paper |
b.
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t/f a clear piece of cellophane transmits all visible colors
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true
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a mirror & white paper both reflect all visible colors & obey law of reflection, but why do we see 2 diff images when we look @ each?
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light is scattered in many diff directions by a rough piece of paper (diffuse reflection). a shiny surface like a mirror doesnt scatter the waves, so we can see our reflection
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phosphorescence
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delayed reflection
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fluorescence
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a change in frequency during reflection
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doppler effect
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change in frequency due to relative motion
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which wave occurance causes the sound produced by the engine of a passing racing car to change in pitch?
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doppler effect
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which wave occurance is used to make some golf balls, tennis balls & watch dials glow in the dark?
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phosphorescence
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which wave occurance causes some posters to glow when held under uv light?
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fluorescence
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if uv light shines on a red fluorescent piece of paper, the paper will appear?
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red
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if pure green light shines on a regular sheet of orange paper, the paper will appear?
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black
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t/f the faster an obj moves, the greater the doppler effect
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true
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describe what happens to each color when white light shines on a regular piece of yellow paper & on fluorescent yellow paper
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regular: reflects yellow light waves
fluorescent: changes all other colors to yellow |
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explain how doppler effect cause the horn of an approaching train to inc in pitch & the horn of a train thats moving away to decrease in pitch
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approaching train: sound waves crowded; more cycles hit your eardrum in a sec; higher frequency
moving away: cycles spread apart; lower frequency |
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big bang theory
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all galaxies were once compressed together into one small dense ball til a great explosion occurred throwing everything outward; 13-18 billion yrs ago
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refraction
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the process in which light is bent as it travels from 1 medium to another; how we see rainbows
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normal line
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the line perpendicular to the surface
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what direction does light bend as it passes from a thick material to a thin material?
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away from the normal
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what direction does light bend when it passes from air into a piece of glass
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toward the normal
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how can a beam of light be prevented from bending when it passes from 1 material to another
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shine it along the normal
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if a yellow star is rushing away from the earth, the star will:
a. change color to higher frequency b. become brighter c. stay the same color but will appear fainter d. change color to both higher & lower frequencies e. change color to lower frequency |
e.
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which of the following types of em waves would be bent the least if they were passed thru glass?
a. red light b. violet light c. microwave d. theyd all bend the same amt |
c
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a green light wave, a red light wave & a violet light wave all enter water a 90 degree angle. what wave is refracted the most?
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none of the waves are bent
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diffraction
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the bending of a wave as it passes around the edge of an obj
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non-polarized waves
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when a large number of waves are vibrating some w/ up & down motion, some w/ sideways motion & some w/ diagnal motion
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polarized waves
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all waves vibrating in the same direction
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constructive interference
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when a larger wave is constructed (2 crests or 2 troughs come together)
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destructive interference
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when a crest & a trough of the same size meet- crest & trough cancel each other for an instant
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which visible color is diffracted the most when passed thru a small hole?
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red
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why cant sound waves be polarized?
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longitudinal waves cant be polarized
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the glasses worn by observers of present day 3D movies use the principle of:
a.fluorescence b. refraction c. polarization d. interference |
c.
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if a high pitched flute & a low pitched tuba are playing music behind a post:
a. music from both instruments will be diffracted the same amt. b. music from flute will be defracted more c. music from tuba will be diffracted more |
c.
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which type of em wave would diffracted the most?
a. infra-red waves b. green light c. x-rays d. radio waves e. violet light |
d.
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if non-polarized light is projected thru 2 pieces of plastic both having small slits running up & down, the light that makes it thru both pieces of plastic will be:
a. no light will make it thru both slits b. non-polarized light c. vibrating up & down d. vibrating horizontally |
c.
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similarities & differences btwn refraction & defraction
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the angle of the bend due to diffraction depends on the frequency of the wave, as w/ refraction. w/ refraction, the higher the frequency, the greater the bend. w/ diffraction, the lower the frequency, the larger the bend
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photons
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little bullets that exert a forward push when light strikes an obj
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photoelectric effect
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electrons are emitted from matter (metals and non-metallic solids, liquids or gases) as a consequence of their absorption of energy from electromagnetic radiation of very short wavelength, such as visible or ultraviolet radiation; takes place only w/ em waves
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solar cell
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photoelectric effect is used to proudce electricity from light
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who won the 1921 nobel prize in physics for explaining the photoelectric effect?
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einstein
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which orbit or shell is closest to the nucleus of an atom?
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k
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using the bohr theory of the atom, which of the following jumps of an electron would produce the highest energy photon?
a. k to m shell b. m to l shell c. l to k shell d. n to k shell e. n to l shell |
d.
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if an electron jumps from the l shell to the p shell:
a. electricity is made b. light is produced c. light is absorbed d. atom loses an electron |
c
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t/f an electron cant orbit the nucleus in between 2 shells
|
true
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t/f whenever an electron in an atom is struck by a photon, its always kicked out of the atom
|
false
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who explained the uv catastrophe by stating that the energy of a photon is quantized?
|
planck
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2 examples of something thats quantized
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money, energy of photon
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a piece of metal is heated til it radiates a dull red light. what happens to the light if the metal is raised to a slightly higher temp?
|
turns orange & brightens
|
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a piece of metal is heated til it radiates bright violet light. what happens to the light if the metal is raised to a higher temp?
|
less brightness
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whats the smallest unit used to measure energy?
|
planck's constant?
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which of the following proved the energy found in a photon is quantized?
a. photoelectric effect b. interference of light waves c. uv catastrophe d. debroglie waves |
c.
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t/f to find the energy of a photon, multiply Planck's constant by the frequency of the wave
|
true
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whats it mean when something is quantized?
|
it means that it comes in little individual pieces
|
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matter waves
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wave associated w/ moving objs; also called debroglie waves
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who is given credit for discovering matter waves?
|
debroglie
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what particle was first used to show that matter acts like a wave?
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electron
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according to the heisenberg uncertainty principle, which of the follow light waves would be best for viewing small objs?
a. violet light b. greeen light c. red light |
a.
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the operation of a transistor can only be explained by:
a. matter waves b. theory of relativity c. bohr theory of the atom d. photoelectric effect |
a.
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t/f matter waves are usually much higher in frequency than ordinary light waves
|
true
|
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how does the electron microscope use debroglie waves to see small objs?
|
the wavelength of the debroglie wave is very small which makes it useful for revealing small objs. Matter waves from moving electrons are used to see small detail in the electron microscope; wavelength is much shorter than the wavelength of visible light & thus allows us to see much smaller detail than conventional microscopes that use longer wavelengths of visible light
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what happens to the size of an obj. if its made to move at the speed of light?
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size becomes 0
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where was the michelson morley experiment performed?
|
case in cleveland
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if you observed a friend passing you w/ a speed close to the speed of light, how would your friend appear to you?
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smaller
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if you moved along w/ your friend at a speed close to the speed of light, how would your friend appear to you?
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same size
|
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which experiment first suggested that the size of objs change when theyre observed to be moving?
|
michelson morley experiment
|
|
|
nuclear fission
|
breaking apart complex atoms into smaller fragments
|
|
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nuclear fusion
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begins w/ simple atoms & involves forcing them together to make more sophisticated atoms
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conservation law
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energy cant be created or destroyed; positive or negative charge cant be destroyed; conservation of momentum
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chain rxn
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when an atom spontaneously decays producing fragments that will act as bullets causing other atoms to decay; causes more atoms to break apart
|
|
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whats the equation e=mc^2 used for ?
|
energy of photon from nuclear fustion
|
|
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whats cold fusion
|
fusion w/ 1000000 C
|
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how many protons in U235 atom?
|
92
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how many protons in U238 atom?
|
92
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the process of nuclear fusion converts 4 hydrogen atoms into one?
|
helium atom
|
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today the universe contains just as much positive charge as it did 1 million yrs ago. this is an example of:
a. nuclear fission b. nuclear fusion c. conservation law d. force of charged particles |
c.
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how do our present nuclear power plants work?
|
our nuclear power plants use nuclear fission on a small controlled scale to produce heat which turns water into steam. the steam drives a generator producing electricity.
|
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explain operation of hydrogen bomb
|
if a large quantity of hydrogen is fused into helium, so many xrays or gamma rays pass thru the air that a much larger fireball than from the atom bomb is produced. (aka thermonuclear fusion since so much heat is produced)
|
|
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theory of electricity & magneticism
|
move a charged particle (electron) & it will emit a force field into space like a wave
|
|
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list frequencies & colors
|
400 trill Hz: red
450 trill Hz: orange 500 trill hz: yellow 550 trill hz: green 600 trill hz: blue 650 trill hz: indigo 700 trill hz: violet |
|
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electromagnetic spectrum
|
a list containing all em waves in order from low frequency (long wavelength) to high frequency (short wavelength)
|
|
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heat waves
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not hot, just produce a lot of heat when they strike something
|
|
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infrared wave
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heats surface of objs; used in fast food resturants to keep food warm; sun burns
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uv wave
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small doses helpful for plant & animal life; large quantites destroy cells, so uv light sometimes used to sterilize objs
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x-ray
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high frequency em wave; energetic; dangerous to living tissue
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gamma ray
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highest frequency & most energetic em wave
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laser
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a device which produces coherent light
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frequency dependent
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a material may reflect 1 frequency but not another; keeps some colors & reflect others; refection is frequency dependent
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a yellow piece of paper only relects what light?
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yellow light
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a white piece of paper reflects what light?
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all frequencies of visible light (black piece reflects none)
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absorption
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happens when a wave knocks the atoms of a material causing an inc in heat; more light absorbed, the hotter the obj will become; why black clothes feel warmer in the sun
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transmission
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the wave may pass thru the obj; light passing thru glass; frequency dependent
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normal line
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line perpendicular to the surface
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t/f high frequency waves are refracted more than low frequency waves
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true (low frequency red light will be bent less than the high frequency violet)
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t/f low pitch sounds can be heard at great distances better than high pitch sounds
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true
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how is the doppler effect used to support the big bang theory?
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looking at distant galaxies, we notice light is shifted toward a lower frequency/ the color red. the red shift suggests that all the galaxies were once compressed together into 1 small dense ball til a great explosion threw everything outward
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how is police radar used to determine a car's velocity?
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electronic equipment can measure the doppler effect of light waves produced by objs moving at slow velocities; a radio wave was doppler shifted as it bounced off the front of the car
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what happens as the temp of a rod inc when placed in a fire
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1. the frequency of light radiated by the rod inc.
2. the brightness of light inc |
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heisenberg principle
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you cant see anything smaller than the wavelength of the wave used to view the obj or you can never be sure where anything is; impossible to measure simultaneously the precise location & exact speed of an obj
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what 3 things happen when approaching the speed of light
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1. obj gets smaller
2. mass increases 3. time slows |
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theory of special relativity
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you only notice changes when the obj is moving relative to you
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3 things that would happen if someone saw you moving at the speed of light
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1. time has stopped
2. you sized reduced to 0 3. mass inc to infinity |
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force that holds quarks together
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gluon
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