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217 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Waves
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Disturbances
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Medium
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Material that is being disturbed (Any solid, liquid or gas)
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Crest
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Highest point of a wave
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Trough
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Lowest point of the wave
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Amplitude
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Height of the wave
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Wavelength
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Length of one cycle
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Cycle
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1 crest followed by a trough
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Wave Period
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time for a particle on a medium to make one complete vibrational cycle
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Frequency
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The number of cycles per second
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Cycles Cy
_____ = ____ = CPS sec sec |
Cycles per second equation
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Hertz
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Cycles per second
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1cy
___ = Hertz Hz sec |
equation for Hertz
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Medium that creates the wave does not move with the wave it...
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vibrates
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Current
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Moving water
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What type of wave vibrates the medium forward and back parallel to the direction the wave is moving?
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Longitude wave
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What type of wave vibrates the medium at right angles to the direction the wave is moving?
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Transverse wave
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What is the difference between a water wave and a water current?
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Water wave: Bobs up and down in middle of current
Water current: Gives the illusion of moving |
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Shock wave
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An object moves through medium faster than the wave it makes
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mega=
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10^6 or 89,700,000
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Transverse wave
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medium vibrates at right angles to direction of wave
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Longitudinal(Compressed) wave
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medium vibrates parallel to direction of wave
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Example of Longitudinal(Compressed) wave
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Sound wave
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Example of Shock wave
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Wake of boat
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Sonic boom
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A shock wave by an object moving faster than sound
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Example of sonic boom
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Crack of a whip
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Longitudinal(compressed) waves go through
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solid liquid and gas
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Ultrasonic sound
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When a frequency of above 20,000 Hertz is reached, we are no longer capable of hearing the sound. Ultrasonic sound is the high pitched sound we cannot hear
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Resonant frequency
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When an object is struck it will oscillate back and forth. The frequency of this oscillation is the Resonant Frequency
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What is the frequency range of the human ear?
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20Hz- 20,000Hz
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What is the speed of a sound wave in air?
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1000-1100 ft/sec (1 mile- 5 seconds traveled)
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What happens to the resonant frequency of an object if the mass of the object is increased?
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Becomes lower
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A board is made to vibrate back a forth five times every second. Why can't we hear it?
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Sound waves it produces is below 20Hz (not moving fast enough)
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Which of the following would have the highest resonant frequency?
a) A house b) A large bridge c) A playhouse swing d) A water glass |
d) A water glass
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Sound waves are air currents- true or false?
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False
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If a wave id truly a wave, the medium only vibrates. The medium does not move along with the wave- true or false?
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True
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Ultrasonic sound waves can travel through a vacuum- true or false?
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Fasle
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You see a bolt of lightning and 20 seconds later you hear thunder. How far away was the lightning?
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4 miles
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Describe how an opera singer can break a wine glass using just his or her voice
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Must sing a not that equals the exact resonant frequency of the glass
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Resonant frequency
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natural frequency of vibration of an object
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The greater the mass...
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The lesser the frequency
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Electromagnetic wave (EM wave)
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a double transverse wave which travels through a vacuum at 186,282 mi/sec. It is the fastest thing known and the only wave that can pass through an empty space
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Ether
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an individual and massless entity which filled the voids of space
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What is the frequency range of the human eye?
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400 trillion Hz- 750 trillion Hz
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What are the colors of the three primary lights?
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red, green, blue
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What color is the highest frequency that can be detected by the human eye?
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violet
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What color is the lowest frequency that can be detected by the human eye?
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red
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Most scientist believe that nothing is really vibrated when an electromagnetic wave travels through empty space. Instead they believe the wave is varying magnetic and electric force fields. The scientist who introduced this idea was:
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Maxwell
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An electromagnetic wave is the only wave that can travel through a vacuum- true or false?
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True
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2 ways to get an object to resonate
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1)Tap it
2)Place a source of sound nearby that is resonating at natural frequency of vibration of the object |
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Electromagnetic wave properties
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1) double transverse (2 waves moving at right angle)
2)Speed: 186,282 mi/sec 3)Can travel through a vacuum |
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History of Ether (reiterated)
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1800 CE scientist solution to how light moves though a vacuum- they were incorrect
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Amplitude modulation (AM)
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Changing size of wave (Amplitude)
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Frequency modulation (FM)
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Changing the frequency of wave
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Planck's law
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The higher the frequency of a wave, the greater its energy.
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What electromagnetic wave produces the suntan?
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Ultraviolet
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What happens to the wavelength of an electromagnetic wave as the frequency increases?
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Becomes shorter
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Which electromagnetic wave contains the greatest amount of energy?
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Gamma ray
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Which electromagnetic wave has a frequency just below red light?
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Infrared
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Which electromagnetic wave is sometimes incorrectly called "black lights"?
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Ultraviolet
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An X-ray is not a ray but instead high frequency light- true or false?
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True
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Ultraviolet waves travel through space faster than violet light wave-True or false?
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False
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Around 1900 CE James Clerk Maxwell explains what...
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Light
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Light is a...
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force of nature
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Theory of electricity and magnetism
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Move a charged particle such as an electron and it will emit a force field into space like a wave
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Red
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400 trillion Hz -- 450 trillion Hz
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Orange
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450 trillion Hz -- 500 trillion Hz
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Yellow
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500 trillion Hz -- 550 trillion Hz
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Green
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550 trillion Hz -- 600 trillion Hz
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Blue
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600 trillion Hz -- 650 trillion Hz
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Indigo
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650 trillion Hz -- 700 trillion Hz
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Violet
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700 trillion Hz-- 750 trillion Hz
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Black
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NO visible light
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White
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ALL colors of visible light
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Luminosity
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An object that is radiating an electromagnetic wave
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Coherent light
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light waves that are "in phase" with one another.
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Incoherent light
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one wave is going through crest, another is going through a trough, while still another is somewhere in the middle.
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Hologram
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Yields a true 3D picture that enables depth perception, and gives the ability to see above, below, and behind objects just by viewing them from different angles.
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What does LASER stand for?
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Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation
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Why aren't our present day 3-D movies truly 3-D?
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Only depth- no parallax --- Depth perception
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Soldiers marching in step could be used to describe...
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Coherent light
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In the whole universe the most often used method for producing electromagnetic waves is...
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Nuclear reaction
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All coherent light produced by a laser is red in color- true or false?
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False
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Radio waves
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0-2 billion Hz
Communication- carry information 1) Change size of wave: - Amplitude modulation (AM) {Penetrate} - Frequency modulation (FM) |
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Microwaves
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2 billion-100 billion Hz
Penetrate |
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Heat
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100 billion-10 trillion Hz
Sun's immediate warmth cooks food |
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Infrared
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10 trillion-400 trillion Hz
Warms food Sunburn Body radiates infrared |
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Visible light
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400- 750 trillion Hz
ROYGBIV |
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Ultraviolet
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750 trillion- 100,000 trillion Hz
Damage or destroy cells Suntan Atmosphere absorbs 98% of U.V. Depletion of ozone layer |
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XRays
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100,000 trillion - 10,000,000 trillion
Discovered by Roentgen Thought of as "Rays" not waves Rays "Penetrate" like bullets |
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Gamma rays
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10,000,000 trillion - ??? Hz
Highest frequency wave Created in deep space- colliding galaxies |
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Low frequency wave
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large, far apart wavelengths
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High frequency wave
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Small, close together wavelengths
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All light waves move at the same speed aka...
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the speed of light 182,626 mi/sec
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The only differences in wave speed is how many crests pass a point in a second aka...
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Frequency
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Luminosity
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The process where an electromagnetic wave (light wave) is produced
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There are 4 ways to cause luminosity:
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1)Heat an object
2)Pass electricity through a gas 3)Chemical reaction 4)nuclear reaction |
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Uses of LASER
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-Medical application
-Construction -Entertainment -CD player -Hologram |
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Fiber Optics
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100% transmission of light
(reflects all light) |
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Reflection
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When light bounces off a surface and then returns
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The angle of incidence=
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The angle of reflection
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Frequency dependent
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Materials (surfaces) will keep some colors and reflect others
{Why we see colors!} |
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Specular reflection
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Even (mirror) reflection
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Diffuse reflection
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Uneven (scattered) reflection
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Absorption of light
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When light is kept by a surface... and changed to heat
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Transmission of light
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When light goes through a medium. Frequency dependent.
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Phosphorescence
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Delayed reflection
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Fluorescence
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Change in frequency during reflection
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Doppler effect
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Change in frequency due to motion
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Doppler effect is the greatest proof for...
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The big bang theory
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Red Shift
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Universe expanding, galexies moving away
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Refraction
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The bending of waves as they travel from a medium of one density through a medium of another. (at other than right angles)
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Normal line
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Any line drawn perpendicular to a surface
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If the beam of light goes from a medium of lower density to a medium of higher density, the beam bends...
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Towards the normal
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Diffraction
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Bending of waves as they pass around the corner or edge of an object
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The lower the frequency the greater...
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the bend
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Pinhole spectrum
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creates rainbow
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Polarization
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The process where all the waves are vibrating in the same direction
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Plastic
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Hydrocarbon molecules
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Naturall reflected light is...
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Polarized
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todays 3D effects use...
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Polarization
Depth perception (fron to back) Polarized sunglasses reflected light is polarized |
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Future 3D effects will use...
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Holograms (true 3D)- Produced by LASERS
1. Depth perception 2. Parallax (side to side) |
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Interference
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When two waves meet and form a new wave
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Constructive interference
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When two crests meet and form a large wave
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Destructive interference
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When a wave crest and trough meet and cancel each other
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Wave Phenomena #12 theory(Excepted)
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Electron should vibrate in one place
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Photoelectron effect
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Electricity from light
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Examples of the Photoelectric effect
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Solar panels
Elevator doors |
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The problem of the Photoelectric effect
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Light was behaving like a particle of matter, not a wave (Light was exerting a force)
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Einstein said that light can be...
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both a wave and a particle
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Light wave=
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Photon
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Electrons orbit the...
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Nucleus in shells
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Photons are produced in the...
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Nucleus
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In order for an electron to move outward from one shell to another, a photon(light wave) must be...
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Absorbed
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In order for an electron to move inward from one shell to another, a photon must be...
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Emitted (Produced, created)
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The farther an electron drops inward, the greater the energy...
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Emitted (produced, created)
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Octet rule
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atoms like 8 electrons in outermost shell
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Incident wave
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The wave that hits an object
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Reflected wave
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The wave that bounces off the object
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Law of reflection
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angle of incident=angle of refelction
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What happens to light that is absorbed?
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It turns into heat
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What colors are absorbed by pure green objects?
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All colors but green
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If white light shines on a regular sheet of red paper, the paper reflects:
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Red light waves
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Which of the following would become the hottest due to the absorption of light when blue shines on them?
A)Blue paper B)Red paper C)White Paper |
B)Red paper
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A clear piece of cellophane transmits all visible colors- true or false?
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True
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Phosphorescence
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Delayed reflection
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Fluorescence
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Change in frequency during reflection
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Doppler effect
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A change in frequency due to relative motion
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Which wave occurrence causes the sound produced by the engine of a passing racing car to change pitch?
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Doppler effect
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Which wave occurrence is used to make some golf balls, tennis balls, and watch dials glow in the dark?
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Phosphorescence
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Which wave occurrence causes some posters to glow when held under ultraviolet light?
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Fluorescence
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If ultraviolet light shines on a red fluorescent piece of paper, the paper will appear...
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red
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If pure green light shines on an orange fluorescent piece of paper, the paper will appear...
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Orange
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If pure green light shines on a regular sheet of orange paper, the paper will appear...
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black
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The faster an object moves, the greater the doppler effect-True or false?
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True
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Theory of relativity
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objects get smaller
mass increases time slows down |
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Heisenburg uncertainty principle
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You cannot see anything smaller than the waveleingth of light being used to view the object
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Maxwell
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Description of E-M waves
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Planck
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The greater the frequency, the greater the energy
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Einstein
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Photoelectric effect light as a particle (photon)
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Bohr
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Model of the atom
(Electrons in shells) |
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Planck
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Ultraviolet catastrophe
photon energy quantized |
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DeBroglie
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Matter (DeBroglie) Waves
Particle (matter) as waves |
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Heisenberg
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Heisenberg uncertainty principal
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What direction does light bend when it passes from a thick material to a thin material?
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Away from the normal
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What direction does light bend when it passes from air into a piece of glass?
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Toward the normal
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How can a beam of light be prevented from bending when it passes from one material to another?
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Shine it along the normal
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If a yellow star is rushing away from the earth, the star will...
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Change color to a lower frequency
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Which of the following types of electromagnetic waves would be bent the least if they were passes through glass? Assume the wave strikes the glass at some angle other than 90 degrees
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Microwave
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A green lightwave, a red lightwave, and a violet light wave all enter water at a 90 degree angle. The wave that is refracted the most is:
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None of the beams are bent
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Which visible color is diffracted the most when passed through a small hole?
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Red
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What happens when a trough and two crests meet?
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Destructive interference, if same size they cancel
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What happens when two crests meet?
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Constructive interference
(big crest) |
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Why can't sound waves be polarized?
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Longitude waves cannot be polarized
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The glasses worn by observers of present-day 3D movies use the principal of:
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Polarization
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If a high pitched flute and a low pitched tuba are playing music behind a post the music from the tuba will...
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be diffracted more than the flute
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If non-polarized light is projected through two pieces of plastic both having small slits running up and down, the light that makes it through both pieces of plastic will be:
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Vibrating up and down
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The occurrence of the photoelectric effect only happens in:
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Electromagnetic waves (EM waves)
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The energy of a Photon is:
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quantized
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Little packets of energy inside of EM waves that shoot out like little bullets of force when light strikes an object
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Photons
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Which orbit or shell is closest to the nucleus of an atom?
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K
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Using the Bohr theory of an atom, which of the following jumps of an electron would produce the highest energy photon?
A) K to M B) M to L C) L to K D) N to K E) N to L |
D) N to K
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If an electron jumps from L shell to P shell light is...
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Absorbed
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An electron cannot orbit the nucleus in between two shells- true or false?
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True
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Whenever an electron in an atom is struck by a photon, it is always kicked out of the atom- true or false?
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False
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Who explained the ultraviolet catastrophe by stating that the energy of a photon is quantized?
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Planck
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Give me two examples of something that is quantized
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Money, Energy of photon
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A piece of metal is heated until it radiates a dull red light. What happens to the light if the metal is raised to a slightly higher temperature?
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Frequency increases and it turns orange and brightens
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A piece of metal is heated until it radiates a bright violet light. What happens to the light if the metal is raised to a higher temperature?
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Less brightness
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The smallest unit used to measure energy is:
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Planck's constant
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Which of the following proved that the energy found in a photon is quantized?
A) Photoelectric effect B) Interference of light waves C) The ultraviolet catastrophe D) DeBroglie waves |
C) The Ultraviolet catastrophe
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To find the energy of a photon, multiply Planck's constant by the frequency of the wave- true or false?
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True
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Heisenberg uncertainty principal
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It is impossible to measure simultaneously the precise location and the exact speed of an object
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Who is given credit for discovering matter waves?
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DeBroglie
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What particle was first used to show that matter acts like a wave?
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Electron
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The operation of a transistor can only be explained by:
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Matter waves
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Matter waves are usually much higher in frequency than ordinary light waves- true or false?
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True
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What happens to the size of an object if it is made to move at the speed of light?
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Size becomes 0
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Where was the Michelson Morley experiment performed?
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Case in cleveland,Oh
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If you observed a friend passing you with a speed close to the speed of light, how would your friend appear to you?
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Smaller
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IF you moved along with your friend at a speed close to the speed of light, how would your friend appear to you?
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Same size
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The experiment that first suggested that the size of objects change when they are observed to be moving is:
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Michelson Morley experiment
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If you move 100 miles/second toward a beam of light, the light will strike you with a speed of:
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186,282 mi/sec
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If you move 100 miles/second away from a beam of light, the light will strike you with a speed of:
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186,282 mi/sec
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Nuclear Fission
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Breakup of more complex elements
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Nuclear Fusion
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Combining of lighter elements to make heavier ones
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4 hydrogen atoms ---> 1 helium atom is an example of...
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Nuclear Fusion
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Nuclear decay
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When nucleus explodes
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E=MC^2
E means? M means? C^2 means? |
E= energy
M= mass C^2= 186,282 X 186,282 or speed of light |
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Conservation Laws
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1) Energy
2) Charge (+,-) 3) Momentum |
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Gluon
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Holds protons, nutrons and electrons together
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Force:
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Strong nuclear
Electromagnetic Weak nuclear Gravity |
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Quark:
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Gluon
Photon W-particle Graviton |
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What is the equation E=MC^2 used for?
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energy of photon from nuclear fusion
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How many protons are in U235 atom?
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92
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How many protons are in a U238 atom?
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92
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Stars as well as the hydrogen bomb work by:
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Nuclear fusion
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Today the universe contains just as much positive charge as it did one million years ago. This is an example of:
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Conservation law
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