• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/35

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

35 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What can be defined by nausea?
Subjective unpleasant sensation
How nausea happens?
Stimulation of the medullary (brain stem) vomiting center
Nausea is preceded by?
Anorexia - due to;
- Lack of desire to eat despite physiologic stimuli that normally produce hunger
- Some stimuli (e.g. foods and drugs)
In what aspects nausea is accompanied by autonomic responses?
- Salivation
- Peripheral vasoconstriction with pallor
- Sweating
- Tachycardia
Nausea can be an early warning signal of pathology to?
- GIT
- Pulmonary
- Hepatic
- Renal
- CNS
How vomiting can act as basic physiologic protective mechanism?
Limits possibility of damage from ingested noxious agents - By emptying the contents of the stomach and upper part of small intestine
How vomiting can represent total-body response to many factors influencing functional state of stomach?
- Directly affect vomiting center / chemoreceptor trigger zone in brain stem
Where can we find chemoreceptor trigger zone?
Area postrema, floor of fourth ventricle
How chemoreceptor trigger zone is activated?
By reaction to input of emetogenic (emesis = vomiting) substances from blood / CSF
Where is vomiting center?
Dorsal part of reticular formation
Vomiting center gets info from?
Emetogenic signals from;
-Chemoreceptor zone
- Vestibular system
- Hypothalamus
- Thalamus
- Psychic stimuli (Emotions, Stress)
- Peripheral signals from GIT
How peripheral signals come from GIT?
Via vagus nerve, CN X
Via splachnic nerves

From stomach, upper intestine
How efferent signal activate vomiting?
- CN VII
- CN IX
- CN X
- CN XII
- Spinal cord (diaphragm, abdominal wall)
What are neuromediators of vomiting?
- Dopamine
- Serotonin
Two types of stimuli that can lead to vomiting?
- Peripheral stimuli (from GIT)
- Central stimuli
Where peripheral stimuli influence directly?
On center within CNS
- Chemoreceptor zone
- Vomiting center
Meaning of central vomiting?
Complications of some other primary pathological process
- Can be warning for early diagnostics / intervention of pathological CNS process
Peripheral vomiting is due to?
- Mechanical stimuli
- Chemical stimuli
- Ischemia / hypoxia of stomach
- Signals from inflammation
How is mechanical stimuli causing peripheral vomiting?
- Distension of stomach
- Distension of duodenum
- Mechanical influence of solar plexus
- 3rd trimester of pregnancy
- Renal-gastric reflex
Why stomach is distended?
- Overeating
- Upper ileus
Why duodenum is distended?
- Dumping sy
- Ileus
Why 3rd trimester pregnancy can cause peripheral vomiting?
Enlarged uterus compresses stomach
How renal-gastric reflex can cause peripheral vomiting?
Obstruction of ureter by stone
Why chemical stimuli is important to cause vomiting?
Prevent toxin absorption
But, some toxins are not recognized. Examples?
Phalloidin from toxic mushroom Amanita phalloides (hepatotoxic)
So, how can we eliminate Phalloidin toxin?
Evoke vomiting
- By oral intake of hypertonic solution of NaCl
- By gastric suction
What can cause massive bleeding to esophagus / stomach?
- Esophageal varices in portal hypertension
- Peptic ulcers
How bleeding can cause vomiting?
Blood irritate chemical stimuli
- Cause vomiting of blood (hematemesis)
Why ischemia / hypoxia of stomach is dangerous?
Because digestion is energetically demanding
What can cause ischemia / hypoxia of stomach?
- Extreme physical activity
- Stress
- Circulatory shock
- Heart failure
- Respiratory failure
- Drugs causing gastric vasoconstriction (also caffeine)
Why extreme physical activity can cause ischemia / hypoxia of stomach?
Redistribution of blood to muscles
How stress, circulatory shock, heart failure can cause ischemia / hypoxia of stomach?
Centralization of circulation to vital organs
- By activating sympathetic activity
- Causing vasoconstriction in splachnic area
Example of respiratory failure that can cause peripheral vomiting?
Pneumonia in children
Where can we get signals from inflammations that cause peripheral vomiting?
- GIT
- Urinary system
Central vomiting is caused by?
1. Chemical stimuli
2. Physical stimuli
3. Increased activation of stato-kinetic apparatus
4. Emotional reactions
5. Bad smell
6. Psychic disorders