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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Laterality?
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How a cerebral hemisphere is specialized for a group or class of cognitive operations.
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What is Dominance?
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The cerebral hemisphere that is specialized for language
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Which cerebral hemisphere is usually dominant?
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Left
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What is Crowding?
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A condition caused by early left hemisphere damage where language areas shift to the right hemisphere.
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Why is Crowding bad?
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Because the language areas in the right hemisphere take up the space where other cognitive capacities would have developed like visual-spatial skills.
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What is Pathological Left Handedness?
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A condition of left-handedness that occurs because early injury to the left hemisphere causes a shift in natural handedness pattern.
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What is aphasia?
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A disorder of language
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What side of the brain is the lateral fissure more steep in its slope?
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On the right - nice and flat on the left side.
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On which side of the brain is the frontal lobe wider and longer?
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Right
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On which side of the brain is the occipital lobe wider and longer?
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Left
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What does a large Planum temporale do?
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Allows perfect pitch (hmm maybe in me and dad? :)
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What is the best way to determine handedness?
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Ask "What hand do you write with?"
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What hand do most people right with?
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Right - 90%
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What are 2 more accurate and quantitative ways to measure dominance?
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-IAT
-fMRI |
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What is IAT?
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Intracarotid Amobarbital testing
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In what patients is IAT done? Why?
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Only those with abnormal brain function - because it's invasive
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What is the basis of how IAT works?
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You numb half the brain and meausre how well the non-anaesthetized hemisphere can perform.
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What is the basis of fMRI?
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Changes in the ratio of oxy to deoxyhemoglobin in the brain, which correlates with brain activity.
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Why is fMRI better than IAT?
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Because it's noninvasive
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Where is our speech area normally located?
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On the left hemisphere in Broca's area
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In patients with brain damage occurring later in life, what side of the brain will speech representation be if right handed?
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96% will be in left broca's area
4% will be on right |
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In patients with brain damage occurring later in life, what side of the brain will speech representation be if left handed?
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70% will have speech in left
15% will be bilateral 15% will be on right |
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So in what people is speech representation more affected by brain damage later in life?
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Left handed people
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What do we call it when dominance is bilateral or on the right side?
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Atypical dominance
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What does early damage do to dominance?
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Increases atypical dominance
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What patients with early brain damage are more prone to atypical dominance?
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Left handed patients
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What disease is most commonly associated with right hemisphere dominance?
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Epilepsy
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What can be strongly predictive of atypical dominance?
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Family history of left-handedness (compared to an isolated occurrence)
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What happens to language processing as we age?
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It becomes more symmetric
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What is the important structure in the left hemisphere that is important for motor speech?
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Broca's area
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What happens if you injure Broca's area before the age of 1?
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Language is spared, but their general IQ will be low
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What happens if you injure Broca's area between ages 1-5?
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Language is spared, but crowding may occur (visual-spatial deficits)
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What happens if Broca's area is injured after the age of 5?
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Language is not spared; specific language deficits are seen.
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Are males more lateralized than females?
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no
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When injury occurs to anterior or posterior speech zones, what will happen?
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Control of functions regulated by those selective areas will shift to the right hemisphere.
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When injury occurs to core or central speech zones, what will happen?
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The whole language area may shift to the right hemisphere.
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What is it called when all language control is shifted to the right hemisphere?
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Crossed dominance
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When does lateralization of function increase and decrease?
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-Increases before puberty
-Decreases after puberty |
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What is mutism?
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Absence of speech
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What is Aphonia?
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Inability to produce vocal sound, usually due to a problem with the vocal chords.
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What is Aphemia?
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Loss of the capacity to verbalize
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What is Dysarthria?
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Impaired capacity to articulate speech due to impaired neuromuscular control.
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What are Aphasias?
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The real language disorders, due to injury of the CNS linguistic functions.
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