640-801 Ccna (Intro And Icnd)

Front 1

Characteristics of a Network

Back 1

-Speed
-Cost
-Security
-Availability
-Scalability
-Reliability
-Topology

Front 2

Transmission Speeds

Back 2

-Binary digit (bit): 0's and 1's
-Byte: 8 bits equal a byte
-Kiliobit(Kb): 1000 bits
-Kilobyte(KB) 1000 bytes
-Kilobits per second (kbps)
-Kilobyte per second (kBps)
-Megabit (Mb): 1 million bits
-Megabyte (MB): 1 million byes
-Megabit per second (Mbps)
-Megabyte per second (MBps)

Front 3

OSI Referance Model Benefits

Back 3

-Reducing complexity: The OSI model breaks network communication into smaller, simpler parts.
-Standardizing interfaces: The OSI model standardizes network components to allow multiple vendor development and support.
-Facilitating modular engineering: The OSI model allows different types of network hardware and software to communicate with each other.
-Ensuring interoperable technology: The OSI model prevents changes in one layer from affecting the other layers, allowing for quicker development.
-Accelerating evolution: The OSI model provides for effective updates and improvements to individual components without affecting other components or having to rewrite the entire protocol.
-Simplifying teaching and learning: The OSI model breaks network communication into smaller components to make learning easier.

Front 4

OSI - Physical Layer

Back 4

The Physical Layer defines electrical, mechanical, procedural, and functional specifications for activating, maintaining, and deactivating the physical link between end systems.

Front 5

OSI - Data Link Layer
(LLC - Logical Link Control)
(MAC - Media Access Control)

Back 5

The Data Link layer defines how data is formatted for transmission and how access to the physical media is controlled. This layer typically includes error detection and correction to ensure reliable delivery of the data.

Front 6

OSI - Network Layer

Back 6

The Network Layer provides connectivity and path selection between two host systems that may be located on geographically seperate networks.

Front 7

OSI - Transport Layer

Back 7

The Transport Layer handles transportation issues between hosts, ensures data transport reliability, and provides reliability through fault detection and recovery of information utilizing flow control.

Front 8

OSI - Session Layer

Back 8

The Session Layer establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between applications.

Front 9

OSI - Presentation Layer

Back 9

The Presentation Layer ensures data is readable by the receiving system, formats data, structures data, and provides data encryption.

Front 10

OSI - Application Layer

Back 10

Provides network services to application processes such as e-mail, FTP, and terminal emulation, and provides user authentication.

Front 11

Network Protocol - EIA-232-D

Back 11

Defines asynchronous serial connections. The COM port of a PC uses this standard - Layer 1

Front 12

Network Protocol - HDLC

Back 12

(High Level Data Link Control Protocol) Specifies encapsulation for synchronous serial data links using bit-orientated framing - Layer 2

Front 13

Network Protocol - PPP

Back 13

(Point to Point Protocol) Provides synchronous and asynchronous point-to-point connections - Layer 2

Front 14

Network Protocol - ISDN

Back 14

Communication protocols that allow telephone networks to carry voice, data, graphics, music, and video. Layer 1-3

Front 15

Network Protocol - TCP

Back 15

Reliable transport method for IP packets - Layer 4

Front 16

Network Monitoring - Protocol Analyzers

Back 16

Captures and decodes packets of data that are transmitted on the network between computers. (Ethereal and Windows Performance Monitor/System Monitor)

Front 17

Network Monitoring - Packet Sniffer

Back 17

Captures and determines what data is being transmitted. (Sniffer)

Front 18

Network Management Software

Back 18

Document devices on a network, manage software licenses, control computers on the network remotes, and send notifications of network problems. (SMS, Tivioli Enterprises, and HP Open View)

Front 19

SOHO LAN

Back 19

(Small office, home office) This environment typically has only a few computers, and peripheals.

Front 20

Enterprise LAN

Back 20

This environment may include multiple LAN's in a large office building or even in different buildings on a corporate campus. There is usually hundreds of computers and peripherals in each LAN.

Front 21

Ethernet MAC Address Components

Back 21

48 Total Bits
1 Bit Broadcast
1 Bit Local
22 Bit OUI (Organizational Unique Identifier)
24 Bit Vendor Assigned

Front 22

Ethernet Frame Structure

Back 22

- 7 or 8 Byte Preamble: Synchronize signals of the communicating computers
- 1 Byte Start of Frame Delimiter: Signals receiving computer that transmission is going to start
- 6 Byte Destination Address: Address of the NIC on the local network to which the packet is being sent
- 6 Byte Source Address: Contains Address of the sending computer
- 2 Byte Length/Type: Identifies network layer protocol.
- 46-1500 Byte Data/Pad: Contains payload of data
- 4 Byte Frame Check Sequence - Mechanism that checks to ensure that the packet of data has been transmitted without corruption

Front 23

Unicast, Broadcast, Multicast

Back 23

Unicast - Frame sent from one device to a single destination
Broadcast - Frame sent from one device to all other connected devices or addresses
Multicast - Frame sent from one device to a specific group of devices.

Front 24

CSMA/CD

Back 24

Stations on a CSMA/CD can access the network at anytime. Before sending data, CSMA/CD stations listen to the network to determine whether it is already in use. If it is in use, they wait. If the network is not in use, the stations transmit. A collision occurs when two stations listen for network traffic, hear none, and transmit simultaneously.

Front 25

NIC Card

Back 25

Also called a LAN adapter, the NIC plugs into a motherboard and provides a port for connecting to the network. The MAC address is burned onto each NIC by the manufacturer, providing a unique, physical network address that permist the device to participate in the network.

Front 26

Cable Standards

Back 26

-10BaseT - 100 meters (328 feet) RJ-45 (Twisted Copper Pair) 10 Meg
-100BaseTX - 100 meters (328 feet) RJ-45 (Twisted Copper Pair) 100 Meg
-100BaseFX - 400 meters (1312 feet) MIC (Multimode fiber) 100 Meg
-1000BaseCX - 25 meters (82 feet) RJ-45 (Shielded Twisted Copper Pair) 1000 Meg
-1000BaseT - 100 meters (328 feet) RJ-45 (Twisted Copper Pair) 1000 Meg
-1000BaseSX - 260 meters (853 feet) *** (Multimode fiber) 1000 Meg
-1000BaseLX - 3-10 KM (1 - 6 Miles) *** (Singlemode fiber) 1000 Meg

Front 27

GBIC

Back 27

Gigabit Interface Converter is a hot-swappable I/O device that plugs into a Gigabit Ethernet port. A key benefit of using a GBIC is that it is interchangeable. This allows users the flexibility to deploy other 1000Base-X technology without having the need to change the physical interface or model on the router or switch. GBIC support UTP and fiber media for gigabit Ethernet transmissions.

Front 28

Use Straight-through cables for the following devices

Back 28

Switch to Router
Switch to PC or Server
Hub to PC or Server

Front 29

Use Crossover cables for the following devices

Back 29

Switch to Switch
Switch to Hub
Hub to Hub
Router to Router
PC to PC
Router Ethernet port to PC

Front 30

Physical Topology vs Logical Topology

Back 30

Describes the layout for wiring the physical devices, while a logical topology describes how information flows through a network.

Front 31

Ethernet Segment Distance Limitations

Back 31

10Base-T - 100 m
10Base-FL - 2000 m
100Base-TX - 100 m
100Base-FX - 400 m
1000Base-T - 100 m
1000Base-LX - 550 m
1000Base-SX - 250 m
1000Base-CX - 25 m

Front 32

Segment

Back 32

Is a network connection made by a single unbroken network cable.

Front 33

Collision Domain

Back 33

The network segments that share the same bandwidth are called collision domains because two or more devices communicate at the same time, collisions may occur with that segment.

Front 34

Function of switch within a network segment.

Back 34

Switches will divide network segments to reduce the number of devices that are competing for bandwidth on a given segment and to provide more bandwidth to the devices in the segment.

Front 35

Causes of Network Congestion

Back 35

- Increasingly powrful computer and network technologies
- Increasing volume of network traffic
- High-bandwidth applications

Front 36

Bridge characteristics and benefits

Back 36

- Operate at Layer 2.
- Bridges analyze incoming frames and forward or drop based on address information.
- Bridges buffer frames between two or more LAN segments.
-Bridges create more collision domains, allowing more than one device to transmit simultaneously without causing a collision.
- Bridges maintain a MAC address table.
- Bridges isolate potential network problems to specific segments.
- Minimize network traffic by filtering data frames within or between LAN segments.
- Extend a LAN to cover greater distances by joining multiple segments.

Front 37

Router Memory Types

Back 37

- ROM: Stores bootstrap, OS, and the Post. (retained)
- RAM: Stores routing tables and the running-config. (lost)
- Flash: Stores IOS (retained)
- NVRAM: Stores start-up config (retained)

Front 38

Switches use one of two forwarding methods

Back 38

Cut-through: The switch determines which port to forward the data and starts the process without buffering the data. This is the faster of the two methods, but no error checking is used.

Store and Forward: The switch stores the data in buffers until the complete frame is received. During this process the switch performs error checking

Fragment-Free Switching: The frame is not forwarded until there is no possiblity of a collision occuring

Front 39

BGP process for establishing a connection with a Peer

Back 39

Idle --> Connect --> Active --> OpenSent --> OpenConfirm --> and Established.