6305: Test 2: Skeleton

Front 1

Axis of the body

Consists of the skull, vertebral column, & rib cage

Back 1

Axial Skeleton

Front 2

Supports the appendage or limbs
–
Consists of arms, legs, shoulders & pelvic girdle

Back 2

Appendicular Skeleton

Front 3

8 cranial bones form the braincase

Back 3

Frontal bone
Parietal bones (2)
Temporal bones (2)
Occipital bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone

Front 4

14 facial bones make up the face

Back 4

Mandible
Maxillary (2)
Nasal bones (2)
Inferior nasal conchae(2)
Lacrimalbone (2)
Zygomaticbones (2)
Palatine bones (2)
Vomer

Front 5

Air cavities in the maxillae, frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoidbones
lightens the skull & provides resonance for voice

Back 5

Paranasal sinuses

Front 6

Air cavities in the mastoid process of temporal bone

Back 6

Mastoid sinuses

Front 7

Bones of the spine (33)

Back 7

7 Cervical

12 Thoracic

5 Lumbar

5 Sacral

4 Coccygeal

Front 8

Number of curves in the spine

Back 8

4 = L,K,LK

Front 9

PRIMARY CURVE LOCATED IN: Thoracic &
Sacrococcygeal
convex posteriorly
concave anteriorly
an alignment

Back 9

kyphosis

Front 10

PRIMARY CURVE LOCATED IN:
Cervical & lumbar
convex anteriorly
Concave posteriorly
an alignment

Back 10

LORDOSIS

Front 11

WHAT DOES THE NEURAL ARCH DO?

Back 11

protects the spinal cord and its associated nerve roots

Front 12

WHAT DOES THE VERTEBRAL FORAMEN DO?

Back 12

allows for the passage of the:
spinal nerve root
dorsal root ganglion
spinal artery of the segmental artery
communicating veins between the internal and external plexuses, recurrent meningeal(sinu-vertebral) nerves, and transforaminalligaments.

Front 13

WHAT DOES THE VERTEBRAL BODY DO?

Back 13

bears about 80% of the load while standing and provides an attachment for the discs between the vertebrae.

Hint 13

anterior section
protects the spinal cord and nerve roots.

Front 14

WHAT DO THE PEDICLES DO?

Back 14

providing side protection for the spinal cord and nerves.

serve as a bridge, joining the front and back parts of the vertebra

Front 15

WHAT DOES THE LAMINA DO?

Back 15

roof of the spinal canal that provides support and protection for the backside of the spinal cord

Front 16

NAME THE STRUCTURE AND WHAT IT DOES.

Back 16

above and below the pedicles are named the vertebral notches

Hint 16

when the vertebrae are PUT TOGETHER, the notches of each PAIR ARE CALLED
intervertebralforamina

Front 17

NAME THE STRUCTURE AND ITS FUNCTION

Back 17

•two superior and two inferior, spring from the junctions of the pedicles and laminæ.

•These stick out of an end of a vertebra to lock with a zygapophysison the next vertebra, to make the backbone more stable.

Front 18

WHAT DOES IT DO?

Back 18

LOCATED junction of pedicles and the lamina

provide a place for the back muscles to attach to the spine

absent in the vertebra of the neck (the cervical spine)

Hint 18

If present in the cervical spine they occur at the lowest level (C7) and are called a cervical rib

may impair exiting nerve roots and cause pain

Front 19

WHAT STRUCTURE IS THIS AND WHAT DOES IT DO?

Back 19

directed backward and downward from the junction of the laminae(in humans), and serves for the attachment of muscles and ligaments

Front 20

WHAT DOES IT DO?

Back 20

a bony tunnel surrounding the spinal cord.

•It is made up of the front (anterior) of the vertebral body, the pedicles on the sides of the vertebral body and the lamina in the back.

•In the lower back it also contains the nerve roots of the lower spine.

Front 21

WHAT DOES IT DO?

Back 21

allowing a connection with the vertebrae above and below it

*The pair that faces upward is the superior articularfacet.

•The pair that faces downward is the inferior articularfacet.

•The facet complex is surrounded by a watertight synovial capsule, much like the small joints in the fingers that allow for smooth movement.

Front 22

NAME THE STRUCTURE AND WHAT IT DOES.

Back 22

comprises a bony tube like vertebral canal that encloses the spinal cord and its meninges.

Front 23

What is the structure and function?

Back 23

Atlas (1stvertebrae)
–
Supports the cranium
–
Has no body but resembles a bony ring
–
Transverse process protrudes more laterally;
–
Spinousprocess is shortened;
–
Articularfacets: superior are concave; inferior are flat to slightly concave

Front 24

Name structure, location, and function.

Back 24

Axis (2ndVertebrae)
–
Spinous process is strong & prominent & easy to identify
–
It is the pivot around which the first vertebra rotates
–
Odontoid process (Dens) where cervical rotation occurs through its articulation with the atlas

Front 25

Name structure, location, and function.

Back 25

Axis (2ndVertebrae)
–
Spinous process is strong & prominent & easy to identify
–
It is the pivot around which the first vertebra rotates
–
Odontoid process (Dens) where cervical rotation occurs through its articulation with the atlas

Front 26

C3 TO C6

Back 26

Facets are oriented at a 45°angle to the transverse plane
–
Guide motion but do not limit it.

Front 27

•
Support the chest
•
Serve for articulation of the ribs
•
All vertebrae exhibit four articularfacets which form the articulations with the 12 ribs

Back 27

THORACIC AREA

Front 28

The facets of the spine are oriented at a ___°angle to the transverse plane and a ___°angle to the frontal plane.

Back 28

60, 20

Front 29

Spinous processes project ______especially the 2nd-10th
•
A characteristic which limits the ability of the thoracic spine to hyperextend.

Back 29

DOWNWARD

Front 30

•
Carry most of the weight of the trunk
•
Articularprocesses are more defined & provide more of an interlocking articulation which limits movement around the vertical axis

Back 30

LUMBAR

Front 31

IN WHAT PART OF THE SPINE...

The facets are oriented at a 90°angle to the transverse plane and a 45°angle to the frontal plane

Back 31

LUMBAR AREA
•

Front 32

•
Place at which the pelvis is anchored
•
Represents the fusion of five sacral vertebrae to form a large triangular bone located like a wedge between the two hip bones
•
No movement is possible in this area

Back 32

SACRUM

Front 33

Provides movement between the 1st& 2ndcervical vertebrae to provide a pivoting rotation movement
–
Referred to as a “screw joint”
–
Approx. 50% of the rotation in the cervical spine occurs here

Back 33

•
Atlanto-axial (C1-2)
–

Front 34

WHAT JOINT?
Two degrees of motion
–
Provide movement between the head & vertebral column
–
Movement is mainly nodding in the sagittal plane
–
Approx. 50% of the head flexion-extension that occurs in the cervical spine occurs at this joint

Back 34

Atlanto-occipital

Front 35

Are classified as fibrocartilaginous
–
Account for approx. 25% of the length of the vertebral column

Back 35

Intervertebral disk joints

Front 36

C2-S1 vertebrae are separated & flexibly bound together by intervertebral disks
–
Allow small motion in all directions

Back 36

•
Intervertebral Joints
–

Front 37

WHAT TYPE OF PATHOLOGICAL CURVATURE?

Back 37

Kyphosis
–
Increase in the posterior convexity of the thoracic curve (hump back)
–
Frequently related to osteoporosis

Front 38

Lateral deviation of the spine
–
May be functional or structural
–
More common in females; it becomes apparent in the teen years
–
Caused by unequal development of the vertebral muscles

Back 38

Scoliosis

Front 39

EXPLAIN LORDOSIS

Back 39

Lordosis
–
Excessive increase in one of the forward convexities of the normal vertebral column
–
Lumbar lordosis or cervical lordosis
–
Frequently referred to as “swayback”
–
Pregnancy often develops a temporary lumbar lordosis

Front 40

MOST FLEXIBLE

Back 40

CERVICAL NECK REGION

Front 41

The vertebral column has___degrees of freedom of motion.

Back 41

6 DEGREES

Front 42

HUNCHBACK

Back 42

KYPHOSIS

Front 43

SWAYBACK

Back 43

LORDOSIS