Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
personality |
reliable pattern of behaviours/beliefs, consistent over time/situations, differ from one person to another. - studied in: traits, social-cognitive, and tharepeutic |
|
|
personality types |
-idiographic approach -combinations of attributes - detailed description of attributes |
|
|
personality traits |
-nomothetic approach -measurable aspects - discreet - aspects of personality that influence thoughts and behaviours. |
|
|
Allport |
-first trait theorist - went through dictionary and identified words related to personality - traits could be broken down by how general/powerful they were |
|
|
cardinal traits |
- strong, unifying theme -obvious - ex: Hitler's desire for power |
|
|
Central Traits |
-more specific -less powerful - ex:police officer has central trait for justice, but regularly drives over speed limit
|
|
|
secondary traits |
-small influence on behaviour -ex: how you respond angrily to traffic |
|
|
what did cattell do w the words all port said were related to personality? |
-reduced them to 171 central traits - reduced further to 16 using factor analysis |
|
|
Eysenck |
reduced Cattell's 16 factors to 3: -neuroticism - openness to experience - extraversion |
|
|
Neuroticism |
how emotional you are - moodiness/worry - opposite of emotional stability
|
|
|
openness |
how open you are to non-social experiences -music, books, movies etc |
|
|
extraversion |
how open you are to social experiences - meeting new people, being part of a crowd, parties etc... |
|
|
What did Eyesenck label antisocial and egocentric people as rating high in? |
-psychoticism
|
|
|
What did Eyesenck label altruistic and rule-abiding individuals as scoring high in? |
self-control |
|
|
What's Eyesenck's model been replaced by? |
five factor model - NEO-PI-R |
|
|
five factor model |
-OCEAN
-openness to experience -conscientiousness (punctual, neat etc) -extraversion -agreeableness (friendly, empathetic) - neuroticism
|
|
|
what does the big five trait theory show across cultures? |
- its shown across all cultures - cultures geographically close to each other, score higher on certain traits |
|
|
modern Canadian trait theories |
-Dark triad: psychopathy/narcissism/machievellinism -right wing authoritarianism scale -HEXACO
|
|
|
Does environment effect personality? |
yes -ex: western culture = individualism, eastern culture = collectivism -heredity still plays a role |
|
|
what did Gray propose? |
-2 systems in limbic areas of brain -> account for extroversion/introversion |
|
|
what did Eysenck say about introverts and extroverts brains? |
brains of extroverts required more stimulation to reach satisfaction - appears introverts react more strongly to a stimulus strength than extraverts |
|
|
what did Kagan discover |
extroversion/introversion can be seen as early as 4 months old. |
|
|
What does it tell us that these traits can be shown so early? |
-genetics is a factor/ influence - twin studies have shown that heredity is a big part of personality --> identical twins have scores 0.5 and higher. |
|
|
what can affect neuroticism? |
-altering level of serotonin - genes can influence this bc 2 genes have been isolated that partly account for a specific trait--> these genes can influence neuroticism |
|
|
Are certain areas of the brain associated w the big five traits? |
yes - studies of the brain have showed this. - ex: high conscientiousness = large frontal gyrus |
|
|
what plays a larger role in personality: learned behaviours or underlying traits? |
learned behaviours/thoughts |
|
|
Bandura |
- social-cognitive theorist - observational learning --> crucial in deterring how someone will behave. - monkey see monkey do - can have actions reinforced directly or through expectancy -reciporical determinism |
|
|
whats expectancy |
-copied actions of others --> expect same result. ex: kid sees his dad yelling at tv, yells at gym teacher expecting good result |
|
|
reciporical determinism |
behaviour shapes environment, and environment shapes ur behaviour |
|
|
self-efficacy |
how good you believe you are at something people w high self-efficacy: - persist at tasks for longer - more successful |
|
|
situationism |
role of environment over internal personality - if you were treated poorly on a flight, anybody would be mad, no matter what your underlying personality is. |
|
|
person variables |
-mischel - personality factors that include: competencies, encoding strategies, expectancies, values, self-regulatory systems and plans. |
|
|
Julian Rotter |
-locus of control--> internal or external internal= believe that life due to their own choices --> in control of destiny. -live longer, happier, external = believe that its due to factors beyond their control --> luck, fate all play a role.
|
|
|
positive psychologists |
study aspects of thinking/behaviour that have positive outcomes. -forgiveness -value of money in ur life - consequences of having a positive approach to life/ personality. - found that being nice is often more rewarding than being mean - money only buys so much - social relationships crucial |
|
|
Freud |
psychodynamic theory -forces of the mind -Id, ego, super ego |
|
|
Id |
-pleasure centre of the mind -pleasure principle= pursue and get pleasure at all costs -animal-like impulses -libido= insistent force, drives urges regardless of social norms -unconsious - |
|
|
ego |
-making decisions, rational thinking -reality principle=tried to realistically match demands of id w demands of super ego |
|
|
super ego |
-moral principles - conscience
|
|
|
ego-ideal |
internal rep of what kind of a person someone wants to be. |
|
|
psychoanalysis |
freud -powerful mental factors often unconscious bc defences kept them out of conscious thought - unconscious drives constitutes personality |
|
|
how do you observe unconscious motives? |
therapist had to analyze non-logical, non-planned behaviour (ex. slip of tongue) |
|
|
what did frued think the 2 most important unconscious motives were? |
-sex -aggression -bc not socially acceptable --> defines mechanisms to keep them under control |
|
|
free association |
therapist says a word and person says first thing that comes to mind. --> comes from unconscious -done to resolve mental stress
|
|
|
mistakes/slip of the tongue |
makes an error in speech, reflects what unconscious mind wanted to say |
|
|
dreams |
-ultimate expression of the unconscious -manifest content= content of dream, inspired by unconcious -latent content= underlying desires that caused the dream
|
|
|
Defense mechanisms |
-all psychodynamic theorists believe they exist to reduce conflict of some motivations.
|
|
|
1. repression |
keep unconscious thought from surfacing into conscious thoughts |
|
|
2. displacement: |
redirects unsuitable desires to more suitable ones.--> sublimation=when displacement results in positive social action |
|
|
3. reaction formation: |
-redirecting motivation to exact opposite (which is more acceptable) |
|
|
4. projection |
-transfer motivation to another person |
|
|
freud's 3 stages |
- if you failed one of these stages you developed a fixation for that stage |
|
|
1st stage |
oral stage -0-1 yr -sucking/feeding -too little= clingy adult -too much= hoarder, excessive eating etc |
|
|
2nd stage |
anal stage -1-3yr -toilet training - overly harsh= rigid personality -too relaxed= loose personality |
|
|
3rd stage |
phalic stage -3-6yrs -realization of gender/genitals - boys want to kill fathers and marry mothers -girls want to kill mothers and marry fathers, envy of not having a penis. |
|
|
Carl Jung |
- believed in collective unconscious that had all of our archetypes which filled out unconscious, drove behaviours. - didn't believe freud who said that everyone has sexual and aggressive desires contrary to societal norms. |
|
|
Alfred Adler |
-personal achievements = sense of self worth = unconscious motivation - STROVE FOR SUPERIORITY - people w low self-worth= inferiority complex, or tried to hide failings in a superiority complex |
|
|
Karen Horney |
- key unconscious motivation= security - relationships child has with others = determined their outlook on life -basic orientations= sets of social behaviours that move people away/towards others. - object relations = viewpoint of attachment theory |
|
|
what do unconscious motivations stem from/ conflict with? |
-desire for deep love/ committed relationships -conflict with individuals desire for autonomy and freedom. |
|
|
What's one more theory that differs from freuds? |
eriksons (personal development) |
|
|
Carl Rogers |
-self-theory --> based on self concept (understand of oneself) -often people are forced to be somewhere who they aren't by external demands/pressures -people who feel a decision is their own = more likely to stick with it |
|
|
self-actualization |
being able to fully embrace your own self-concept - driven by persons desire to make their self-concept fully actualized -rogers |
|
|
conditions of worth |
conditions set by ourselves to determine our self worth |
|
|
unconditional positive regard |
healthiest possible set of conditions (ex. no conditions just love) |
|
|
Abraham Maslow |
5 basic needs, in order -psysiological needs, safety needs, attachment needs, self-esteem needs, self-actualization needs. |
|
|
2 methods of assessing personality
|
objective and projective (opposites of each other) |
|
|
minnesota multiphasic personality inventory |
measures wide range of personality variables -detects cheating, faking |
|
|
projective tests |
open ended -Rorschach inkblot test and thematic apperception test (pic of people, make a story up based on pic) -biases/unconcious motives revealed - not very reliable |
|
|
psychopathy |
personality type -disorder and can be an adaptation -interpersonal: conning, lying -affective: low empathy,guilt -antisocial behaviour: criminal record -lifestyle: impulsive, predatory -show defeceits in recognizing emotions -highly capable of picking out victims -avoid victimizing kin -subtype of antisocial personality disorder |
