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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cognitive Skills help us? (5)
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-Remember new info
-Solve problems in new situations -Direct our attention -Perceive and interpret events -Guide acquisition of information about the events in the environment |
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Basic processes of cognition include? (6)
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-Attention
-Problem solving -Memory -Learning -Perception -Language |
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Things SLP should know...
Cognitive processes are directly linked to ___? Decline in cognition means a reduced ability to ____ and to ___? |
communication
stay involved adapt to the environment |
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What are the three theoretical models of cognitive aging?
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slowing speed of info
diminished resources inhibitory deficit |
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Slowing speed of information processing theory
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-deficits occur when faster rate of processing is needed
-neurological slowing and musculature decline |
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Diminished resources
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-performance requirements exceed the capacity
-mental energy reserves |
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Inhibitory deficit theory
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-reduced ability to focus on relevant information and ignore irrelevant information
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What causes choice reaction time to decline?
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-decreased nerve conduction speed
-impaired sensory function -slowed motor planning and muscle movement -Less efficient attention mechanisms |
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Crystallized Intelligence
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-dependent on life experiences
-acquired by everyday experiences and interactions -elements: reading, writing, education, professional skills, self-knowledge for coping |
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Fluid Intelligence
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-Abstract analytical cognitive reasoning
-Mental flexibility and willingness to adapt -elements: speed and accuracy of processing, short term memory, categorization, discrimination |
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What did david Wechsler IQ testing find fro 20-60 year old cohort?
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For verbal(crystalized) IQ relatively the same; for performance(fluid) IQ decline with age
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What is the Flynn effect?
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measured IQ of birth cohorts has risen throughout the 20th century
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What age does creativity thinking decline?
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30
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Wisdom/ego integrity
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integration of new experiences in the context of a large body of accumulated experiences
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Attention decline
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-time it takes to identify meaning
-greater distractibility -difficulty in paying attentin to 2 event -reduced alertness -wandering attention |
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What causes dysfunction in attention?
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-fatigue
-memory demands -task complexity -time pressures -information isn't relevant to the person |
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Simon task
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-Red/blue square on different sides of the screen
-measures ability to focus on relevant info and ignore irrelevant info. |
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Wisconsin Card Sorting Task
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-error-based learning to figure out pattern
-involves many processes associated with the frontal lobe |
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Executive Function
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-planning, initiating, terminating, shifting purposeful behavior
-problem solving, reasoning, learning -frontal lobes -ability to pull things together |
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Problems with executive function
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-inability for cognitive flexibility
-concrete thinking harder time planning |
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What mechanisms makes cognitive compensation possible?
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synaptic plasticity
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Plasticity
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brain's ability to reorganize and optimize processing in response to change
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Brain Reserve
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The brain's ability to deal with limitations or damage while still functioning adequately
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Receptive Language
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Auditory comprehension
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Auditory Input
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-temporary; means we have to rely more on memory
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Text
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input likely to be available longer
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"Bottom up" processes
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-perceptual information activates phonemic, lexical, syntactic,"", and semantic representations
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"Gating" technique
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older adults need more info before they can identify words
-one words activated they stay activated longer |
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Older adults have difficult with what kind of words?
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-single words
-connected speech integration of meaning -also involved (memory, attention, goal-directed focusing (knowing what to listen for) |
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Sources of comprehension difficulty
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-peripheral: pr
-central -cognitive |
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Peripheral
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-Presbycusis
-high freq hearing loss -speech sounds at high freq s,f,k,t, |
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Central
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temporal processing
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Cognitive
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-cortical function
-working memory -inhibitory control |
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Automatic listening
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it takes no resources
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Effortful listening
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-it takes cognitive resources
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Who is affected negatively by rapid speech?
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-young and old
-difficulty encoding under time r pressure |
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How many words per minute in ordinary conversation?
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140-180
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As what increases in sentences does it make understanding harder for old adults?
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syntactic complexity
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Is the semantic system affected by aging?
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NO
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Semantic Priming
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Hear "doctor" quicker to respond to nurse
-same for kids and adults |
