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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the body's first line of defense
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epidermis
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what are the main characteristics of the epidermis
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- rapidly regenerates
- retains moisture - pigmentation - synthesis of vitamin D - avascular |
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what are the specialized cells of the epidermis (4)
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1) keratinocytes
2) melanocytes 3) Merkel cells 5) langerhans cells |
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what cell makes up 90% of the epidermis
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keratinocytes
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keratin is a tough flexible, fibrous protein that is resistant to what 3 main components
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changes in pH, temperature, and enzymatic digestion
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what cells of the epidermis are responsible for pigment
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Melanocytes
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what cells of the epidermis are our touch receptors
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Merkel Cells
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what cells of the epidermis are our "defense" system that recognizes invaders
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Langerhans cells
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what are the 5 layers of the epidermis
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1) stratum corneum
2) stratum lucidum 3) stratum granulosum 4) stratum spinosum 5) stratum basale |
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what is the deepset layer of the epidermis
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stratum basale
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what is the function of the stratum corneum
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provide moisture barrier, constantly shed and being replaced
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what is the role of the stratum lucidum
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thicker skin only found on the palms and pads of feet
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what is the function of the stratum granulosum
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contain granular later-- cells that contain the precursors to keratin
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what is the function of the stratum spinosum
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its the "prickle cell layer" where our langerhans cells are found for defense
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which layer of the epidermis is mitotically active
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stratum basale - keritonocytes divide and begin differentiation
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what cells are found in the stratum basale
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- keritoncytes
- melanocytes - merkel cells |
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what are rete ridges
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connections of the epidermis ot the dermis
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where are rete ridges found
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in teh stratum basale of the epidermis
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what is the thicker of the two layers of the skin
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dermis (~2mm)
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what is the function of the dermis
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provide strength and structure to the skin
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what 6 components are found in the dermis
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1) nerve fibers
2) sensory receptors 3) blood and lymphatic vessels 4) hair follicles 5) sebaceous glands 6) sweat glands |
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what are the specialized cells of the dermis
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1) mast cells
2) macrophages 3) lymphocytes 4) fibroblasts |
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what is the function of mast cells
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effector cell in allergic reaction (histamine respone)
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what is the function of macrophages
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"packman cells" the versatile part of the immune system
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what is the function of lymphocytes
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help mediate immune response in the skin
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what is the function of fibroblasts
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secrete collagen
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what are the 2 layers of teh dermis
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1) papillary layer
2) reticular layer |
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what is the function of the papillary layer of the dermis
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contains fibroblasts that produce collagen
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what is the function of the reticular layer of the dermis
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contain more dense collagen fibers with increased tensile strength
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what are the effects of aging on the skin (8)
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1) decreased dermal thickness
2) loss of insulating subQ fat 3) decreased collagen and elastin 4) decreased sensation and metabolism 5) decreased sweat glands (dry skin) 6) reduction in blood flow (poor healing and heat regulation) 7) decreased epidermal regeneration and collagen synthesis (poor healing) 8) reduction of mast cells (decreased inflammatory response) |
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what are the 3 components to a general skin inspection
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1) be sure and check vital signsand O2 sats
2) compare skin bilaterally 3) remember patient will often have anxiety associated with dressing changes when wound is painful |
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what are the 5 components to a focused skin inspection
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1) color
2) vascularity 3) perspiration (skin) 4) moistness (mucus membrane) 5) measure and define any/all scars, stains, calluses, edema, wounds or skin lesions |
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what are the 6 components to the skin palpation
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1) temperature
2) moisture 3) texture 4) circulation 5) edema 6) turgor |
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what do you use to test temperature of skin
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not necessary to use thermometers.... just use dorsum of the hand
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how do you test circulation
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blanch test
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what is turgor
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gently pinching the skin to test for fluid balances
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what does it mean if turgor is 30 sec or longer
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increased turgor --> probable fluid deficiency
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what does it mean if you are unable to pinch the skin for turgor testing
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decreased turgor --> severe edema
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how is the reliability for the turgor test
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decreases with elderly patients
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what is the definition of a macule
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- color change
- flat - < 1 cm in size |
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what is the definition of a papule
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- solid elevated area
- <1 cm in size |
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what is the definition of a nodule
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- small lesion in dermal or subQ layer
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what is the definition of a vesicle
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- elevated
- serous fluid - <1 cm diameter |
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what is the definition of a bulla
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- vesicle >1 cm diameter
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what is the definition of a pustule
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vesicle or bulla with pus
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what is the definition of a wheal
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- firm skin elevation
- definite margin |
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hyperpigmentation and erythema are examples of
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macule
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warts are an example of
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papule
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tumor, foreign body, calcium deposits are examples of
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nodules
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herpes zoster, impetigo are examples of
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vesicle
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second degree burn is an example of
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bulla
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acne is an example of
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pustule
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hives, angioedema are examples of
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wheal
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what is a scale
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desiccated thin plates of epithelial cells
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what is crust
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dried serum, blood or purulent exudate
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what is an erosion
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moist, often depressed lesion
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what is a scar
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area of replacement fibrosis
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what is a fissure
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deep linear cut in the skin that extends into the dermis
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psoriasis is an example of
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a scale
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eczema and impetigo are examples of
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crust
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chicken pox and diaper rash are examples of
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erosion
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a healed laceration burn or surgical lesion are examples of
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scar
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athletes foot is an example of
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a fissure
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what is a partial thickness wound
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wounds that extend through the epidermis and part of the dermis
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what is a full thickness wound
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wounds that extend through the epidermis and the entire dermis
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