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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Socialization
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-enculturation
-internalization of norms, roles, etc.. -definition: lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture |
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Personality
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a persons fairly consistent patterns of acting thinking and feeling.
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Formal agents of socialization
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family
educational institutions religious institutions |
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informal agents of socialization
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media
peer group |
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six principles of socialization
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1-Anticipatory socialization-learning that helps a person achieve a desired position
2-Most intense at transitions (birth is the most significant transition) 3-Reinforcements and sanctions 4-Lifelong (everytime you make a transition, socialization occurs) 5-resocialization is more difficult than first time socialization (boot camp) 6-competing messages from different agents of socialization (friday night vs monday test) |
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where do sex differences come from?
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-interactive casual models
-distributions of variables and individual differences -the importance of socialization |
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How does culture shape babies into adult men and women?
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-mind game
-pre-concieved definitions of gender -differential treatment -adult differences/gender differences (a self fulfilling prophecy) |
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Sigmund Feud model fo the human personality (3 parts)
1-id 2-superego 3-ego |
1-innate, human beings basic drives
2-cultural values and norms internalized by an individual 3-persons conscious efforts to balance pleasure drives with the demands of society |
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Piaget (4 stages of cognitive development)
1-sensorimotor stage 2-preoperational stage 3-concrete operational stage 4-formal operational stage |
1-knowing the world through senses
2-involves the start of using language and other symbols 3-allows individuals to understand casual connections in their surroundings 4-involves abstract and critical thought |
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Kohlberg (applied Piagets approach to stages of more development)
1-preconventional 2-conventional 3-post conventional |
1-individual needs
2-moral reasoning takes account of parental attitudes and cultural norms 3-allows us to criticize society itself |
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George Herbert Mead
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Self is part of our personality and includes self awareness and self image
self develops only as a result of social experience |
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Cooley
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Looking glass self:to explain that we see ourselves as we imagine others see us
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Primary Group
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small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships. -personal orientation -long term-are broad involving many activities -are an end in themselves
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Secondary Group
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large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity -goal oriented -variable in length -are narrow -few activities
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Erikson
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identified challenges individuals face at each stage of life
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cohort
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a category of people with something in common, usually their age
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total institution
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a setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and controlled by an administrative staff ex/prisons, mental hospitals, monasteries
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re-socialization
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radically changing an inmates personality by carefully controlling the environment. uses a reward and punishment system
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symbolic interaction paradigm
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George Herbert Mead
Charles Horton Cooley WI Thomas and Dorothy Thomas |
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Ethnomethodology
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Harold Garfinkel
Break the rules to illustrate how important they are ex/breaching experiments: reactions of people when they see somebody break a norm Definition:study of the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings |
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Dramaturgical Analysis
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Erving Goffman
using the analogy of the theatre to understand social interaction presentation of self and impression management front region and back region embarrassment and tact |
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Thomas Theorem
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W.I. Thomas claim that situations defined as real are real in their consequences
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Social construction of reality
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the proccess by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction
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Social structure
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social patterns that guide our behavior in everyday life.
Building blocks are: status-a social position that is part of our social identity and that defines our relationships to others. Role-the action expected of a person who holds a particular status |
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A Status can be either?
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Ascribed: which is involuntary (being a teenager, or a mexican american)
Achieved: which is earned (honors student) |
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A master status
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Which can be either ascribed or achieved, has special importance for a persons identity (ex/being blind, doctor, or a Kennedy)
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1-Role
2-Role Set 3-Role Conflict 4-Role Strain |
1-behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status
2-a number of roles attatched to a single status 3-conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses 4-tension among the roles connected to a sing status |
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performances are?
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the way we present ourselves to others
is both conscious and unconscious they include; costume (way we dress), props (objects we carry), and demeanor (tone of voice and they way we carry ourselves) |
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Emotions the social construction of?
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Feelings
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Language the social construction of?
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Gender
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Reality Play the social construction of
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Humor
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What is a Group? (2 characteristics)
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Two or more people who identify with and interact with one another.
Characteristics are common identity and regular, patterned interactions |
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How do social groups differ?
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intimacy
group structure leadership styles process size social diversity |
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instrumental leadership
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group leadership that focuses on the completion of tasks
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expressive leadership
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group leadership that focuses on the groups well being
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group think
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the tendency of group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue
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reference group
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a social group that serves as a poit of reference in making evaluations and decisions
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in-group
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social group where a member feels respect and loyalty
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out-group
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a social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition
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Dyad
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a social group with two members
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triad
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a social group with three members
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Network
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a web of weak social ties
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formal organization
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a large secondary group organized to achieve its goals efficiently
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utilitarian organizations
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pay people for their efforts ex/a business or government
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normative organizations
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have goals people consider worthwhile ex/voluntary associations such as the PTA
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Coercive organizations
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are organizations people are forced to join ex/include prisons and mental hopitals
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organizational environment
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factors outside an organization that affect its operation. Ex/ technology political and economic trends, current events, population patterns, other organizations
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Bureaucracy
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Max Weber-dominant type of organization in modern societies
definition:an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently |
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Bureaucracy is based on?
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specialization
hierarchy of positions rules and regulations technical competence impersonality formal, written communications |
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Problems with Bureaucracy?
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Bureaucratic alienation
bureaucratic inefficiency and ritualism bureaucratic inertia oligarchy |
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Oligarchy
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the rule of the many by the few
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Scientific management
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Frederick Taylors term for the application of scientific principles to the operation of a business or other large organization
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sex
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is biological, referring to bodily differences between females and males
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Gender
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is cultural, referring to behavior, power and privileges a society attaches to being female or male
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Sexual revolution
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peaked in 1960's and 1970's, drew sexuality out into the open. brought the idea that sex was a normal part of social life
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Sexual Counterrevolution
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began around 1980, aimed criticism at permissiveness and urged a return to more traditional family values.
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Sexual Orientation
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a persons romantic and emotional attraction to another person
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Structural functional approach and sexuality
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highlights that society's need to regulate sexual activity and especially
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Symbolic interaction approach
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Emphasizes the various meanings people attach to sexuality
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Social conflict approach
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links sexuality to social inequality
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Qweer Theory
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a body of research findings that challenges the heterosexual bias in US society
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Deviance
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The recognized violation of cultural norms
-varies over time -varies by social group -varies accross space within culture -varies bw cultures -varies by the consequences of the behavior -importance of social definition-being defined as deviant, no behavior is inherently deviant |
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Crime is a ????? of deviance
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Subset
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Social Control
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attempts by society to regulate peoples thoughts and behavior
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Theories of Deviance
1-Biological Theories 2-Psychological theories 3-Sociological theories |
1-focus on individual abnormality, explain human behavior as the result of biological instincts. Lobroso, Sheldon, Genetic Theories
2-Focus on individual abnormality, see deviance as the result of unsuccessful socialization. Reckless and Dinitz's Containment Theory: links deliquency to weak conscience 3- view all behavior-deviance as well as conformity as products of society |
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Containment Theory
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weak vs. strong
tolerance of frustration factors that contain deviant impulses (little boys getting in trouble is correlated with when they get older having run ins with the law) |
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Structural theories(Durkheim) 4 functions for Deviance
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4 functions(Structural-Functionalism)
-affirms values and norms -clarifies moral boundaries -respnse to deviance unites people -encourages social change |
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Strain Theory (merton)
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explains deviance in terms of a society's cultural goals and the means available to achieve them
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Conflict Theory
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rules are written in favor of somebody else.
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Process Theories (Symbolic Interaction)
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Labeling Theory
Differential Association THeory Hirchis Control Theory |
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Labeling theory
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idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions. -dominant theory of deviance -Primary and secondary Deviance
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Stigma
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when you are labeled as a deviant
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Retrospective Labeling
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when someone is defined as deviant and then they are defined as deviant to everyone
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Differential Association Theory (Sutherland)
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its a persons tendency toward conformity or deviance depends on the amount of contact with others who encourage or reject conventional behavior
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Control Theory (Hirshchi) 4 types of social control
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Said that social control depends on people anticipating the consequences of their behavior.
4 types of social control -Attachment -Opportunity -Involvement and -Belief |
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Deviance and inequality (SOcial conflict Theory)
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Karl Marx
-white collar offenses -Corporate crime -Organized Crime |
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What is Crime?
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is the violation of criminal laws enacted by local, state, or federal governments. 2 types of crime -against people or -against property
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Social Stratification
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a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy
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Types of Stratification 4**
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-Caste System
-Class System -Social Mobility -Meritocracy |
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Caste System
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based on characteristics your born with ex/Traditional India
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Class System
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based on birth and individual achievment ex/chartering and bartering article
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Social Mobility
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Where you can move in social class
-intragenerational -intergenerational -Structural -Meritocracy |
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Karl Marx says that social class is (social conflict approach to stratification)
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campitalism that places economic production under the ownership of capitalist, who exploit the proletarians who sell their labor for wages
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Max weber says that social class is (social conflict approach to stratification)
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three distinct deminsions of social stratification -economic class -social status -presige/power
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Davis Moore Thesis (Structural functionalist approach to stratification)
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the functional analysis claiming that social stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of society
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Conspicuous consumption (Symbolic interaction approach to stratification)
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buying and using products because of the statement they make about social position
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Measure of Social Class in the US **
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Upper class 5% of the US must earn at least 200,000 and up
Middle Class 40-45% of the US must earn 200,00-60,000 Working Class 30% of US and earn b/w 60,000-27,000 Lower Class 20% of US and earn 27,000 and below |
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Social stratification involves 5 dimensions
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1-income
2-Wealth 3-Power 4-Occupational prestige 5-Schooling |
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Intragenerational Social Mobility
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A change in social positon occruring during a persons lifetime
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Intergenerational Social Mobility
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Upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents
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Relative Poverty
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the lack of resources of some people in relation to those who have more
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Absolute Poverty
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a lack of resources that is life threatening
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Feminization of Poverty
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the trend of women making up an increasing proportion of the poor
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Global stratification
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patterns of social inequality in the world as a whole
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High Income countries
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the nations with the highest overall standards of living. Contain about 23% of the worlds people receive 78% of global income ex United states or Canada
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Middle Income Countries
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Nations with a standard of living about average for the world as a whole. contain about 61% of the worlds people receive 21% of Global income ex Eastern Europe
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Low income countries
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Nations with a low standard of living in which most people are poor. Contain 17% of the worlds people receive 1% of global income ex Central and east Africa
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Factors Causing Poverty
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-Lack of technology
-high birth rates -traditional cultural patterns make people resist change -Extreme gender inequality -Colonialism |
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Modernization Theory
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a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences between nations
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Dependency Theory
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A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones
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