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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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6 diseases listed involving neuronal death
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1) alzheimers
2) parkinsons 3) huntingtons 4) ALS 5) stroke 6) TBI and SCI |
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overstimulation of what receptor is leads to neuronal death
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glutamate
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how does a stroke lead to neuronal death
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stroke
--> O2/glucose deprivation --> decreased ATP --> increased glutamate release or decreased glutamate uptake --> overstimulation of NMDA receptor --> calcium influx --> free radicals --> death |
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what three events must happen in order to activate an NMDA channel (thus allowing the calcium influx)
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1) glutamate must bind
2) glycine must bind 3) Mg2+ must be removed from the channel --> allows calcium to flow through |
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what are the anti-excitotoxicity drugs approved by the FDA
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1) Memantine
2) Amantadine 3_ Rilusole |
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what does Memantine do
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NMDA antagonist approved for tx of Alzheimers disease
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what does Amantadine do
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NMDA antagonist approved for tx of parkinson's disease
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what does Rilusole do
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glutamate antagonist approved for the tx of ALS
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what is apoptosis
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- naturally occuring programmed cell death (cell suicide)
- during pathological conditions - active process |
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what is necrosis
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- death from overwhelming insult
- inflammatory response (swell and explode) |
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what is the medically relevant differnce between apoptosis and necrosis
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in necrosis theres no death program that we can try to block to prevent the cell death... whereas with apoptosis we have a targe (programmed cell death) to try to prevent cell death
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what are growth factors
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proteins that can regulate survival and differentiation of cells
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what are neurotrophic factors
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proteins that can regulate survival and differentiation of nerve cells. They may also regulate NS development as well as adult nervous system plasticity and maintenance of structural integrity
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why have neurotrophic factors failed in clinical trials?
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1) inability to cross BBB
2) side effects (stimulate pain pathways) 3) potentiation of necrotic neuronal death |
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what are Stem cells
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unspecialized cells that renew themselves for long periods through cell division
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what determines what type of cell a stem cell becomes
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growth factors
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what is the difference between an endogenous stem cell and an exogenous stem cell
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- endogenous: in body
- exogenous: transplanting stem cells from 1 person to another |
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can we stimulate new neuron formation
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yes, such as with exercise
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are we making enough new neurons to make a difference
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we dont know --- this question is left unanswered
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3 differentiating factors between embryonic and adult stem cells
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1) embrionic are pluripotent, adult are multipotent
2) embryonic are immortal, adult are not 3) embryonic are easy to isolate, adult are more difficult |
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what does pluripotent mean
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can be made into any cell in the body
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what are the methods to avoid ethical issues involved in human embryonic stem cell research
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1) removal of one cell from embryo without destroying embryo
2) obtaining stem cells from amniotic fluid 3) reprogramming adult cells into pluripotent cells |
