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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the main functions of the cerebral cortex
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1) human like characteristics
2) thought 3) reasoning 4) fine control/sensation 5) long term memory |
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where are the gray and white matter located relative to eachother
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gray matter is on the outside the white matter is on the inside
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where are the cell bodies that process information located
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the gray matter
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how many types of cells make up the cerebral cortex & what are tehy
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1) pyramidal
2) granular/stellate 3) fusiform 4) horizontal 5) martinotti |
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which are the only cells to communicate laterally in the cerebral cortex
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the horizontal cells
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what are the layers of the cerebral cortex
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1) molecular
2) outer granular 3) outer pyramidal 4) Inner granular 5) inner pyramidal 6) fusiform layer |
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how are the layers of the C.cortex aligned
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vertical columns: leaving the cortex to communicate with other parts of the brain
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what layer is the primary sensory
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layer 4: inner granular
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what layer is the primary motor
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layer 5: inner pyramidal
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what are the 3 types of white fibers
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1) projection
2) commissural 3) association (long and short) |
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which fibers form the internal capsule
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projection fibers (white matter composed of axons leaving the cerebral white matter)
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what are the two projection fibers
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- corticofugal
- corticopedal |
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what are the corticofugal fibers
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Motor: projection fibers terminating in the basal nuclei, brainstem, or spinal cord
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what are the corticopedal fibers
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Sensory: projection fibers originating in the thalamus and terminating in the cerebral cortex
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what are the commisural fibers
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fibers that connect the R and L hemispheres
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which fibers form the corpus collosum
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commisural fibers (white fibers)
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what are the association fibers
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fibers connecting regions of the cortex within one hemisphere
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what are the short association fibers
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connect to adjacent gyri (sensory-->motor strip)
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what are the long association fibers
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connect to distant gyri (different lobes of cortex; frontal--> occipital)
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what composes the gray matter of the cerebral cortex
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the lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
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overall function of frontal lobe
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- personality
- behavior - motor |
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overall function of parietal lobe
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tactile sensation
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overall function of occipital lobe
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vision
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overall function of temporal lobe
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hearing
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what areas make up the primary sensory strip
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3, 1, 2 (form S1)
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where is the primary sensory strip located
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post central gyrus of parietal lobe
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what do areas 3, 1, 2 do
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somaesthetic
- pain - temp - proprioception - touch - pressure - somatotopic (**JUST SENSES- DOESNT INTERPRET) |
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where is the primary sensory area located
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the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe (areas 3, 1, 2)
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what does area 17 do
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primary sensory area for vision (**JUST SEES light doesn't interpret it!)
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where is area 17
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just above and below the calcarine fissure on occipital
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area 17 on the R occipital lobe is going to "see" light from
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the L visual field from both R and L eyes
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what does area 41 do
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primary sensory area for hearing
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area 41 on the R lobe is going to "perceive sound" from
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both ears because bilateral ascent in both ears
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what would a lesion in area 3-1-2 cause
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contralateral body/face/tactile sensory deficits
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what would a lesion in area 17 cause
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contra lateral visual field (deficit affecting both eyes.... if R lobe--> L visual field gone from both R and L eyes)
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what would a lesion in area 41 cause
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both sides must be lesioned before any hearing loss to occur (bilateral descent)
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what do areas 5 and 7 do
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tactile and feeds motor... they correspond with areas 3-1-2 and interpret the tactile information
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areas 5 and 7 correspond with what sensory area
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3-1-2
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areas 18, 19, 21 correspond with what sensory area
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17
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areas 42 and 22 correspond with what sensory area
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41
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what do areas 18-21 do
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visual association - intrepret the information from area 17
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what do areas 42 and 22 do
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auditory association- interpret information from area 41
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where do we "give spoken word meaning"
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area 42,22 - "wernicke's area"
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a lesion to what areas would cause agnosias
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areas 5,7,18-21
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what is agnosias
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loss of intrepreting a sensation
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place a coin in patients hand, they know its there but cannot tell what it is or what to do with it ---> represents a lesion to what area
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areas 5 or 7(tactile association) -- representative of agnosia
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a patient can see light but cannot interpret what it is ---> represents a lesion to what area
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18-21 (visual association) representative of agnosia
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what is Wernicke's area
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area 42, 22 auditory association of ideas-speech, sentences
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what does area 39 do
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- written words
- calculations - analytical fingers - L/R - visual/spatial - personal/extrapersonal space |
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where is area 39 located
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back part of temporal lobe (mainly on the L side of brain for most patients)
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what are the association areas
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39 (parieto-occipito-temporal area)
9, 10, 12 (frontal lobe) |
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what do areas 9, 10, 12 do
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- personality
- behavior - inhibits primitive centers |
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where are areas 9, 10, 12 located
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prefrontal cortex
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what would be the consequence of a lesion to areas 9, 10, 12
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unmasking primitive centers/ inappropriate behavior (think phineus gage)
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what does area 4 do
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primary motor area: feeds infor to pyramidal corticospinal tract, cerebellum and subcortical n.
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where is the primary motor area
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pre-central gyrus of the frontal lobe (area 4)
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what is the somoatotopic orientation of area 4
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lateral to medial.... face, UE, LE
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what does area 6 do
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more gross motor control receiving information from the prefrontal
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where is area 6
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in the frontal lobe in front of area 4 on the medial side
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what is apraxia
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patient is able to physically perform a task but cannot properly process/plan a movement
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what area must be intact for a patient who has apraxia
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area 4- they can do the movement' just cnanot properly process/plan it --> NOT PARALYZED
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where does area 6 receive information from
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lateral pre-motor area 6 receives prefrontal and sensory association input
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where does area 6 send info to
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primary motor area (area 4) and subcortical nerves
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the thought of movement would activate area _____ while the execution of movement would activate area
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- thought activates area 6
- execution activates areas 4 and 6 |
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what is Broca's area
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areas 44-45 that programs higher behaviors such as
- memory - motivation - decisions - problem solving - attention - motor cortices |
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where is area 44-45
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pre-frontal cortex- lateral surface motor speech
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what is the importance about the asymmetry of brodmanns areas
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anatomically all areas are bilaterally represented but some are only functionally represented in one hemisphere
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what are the main roles of the L brain
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- Speech (and language)
- motor planning - analytical functions (digital not analog) |
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what are the main roles of the R brain
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- non dominant hemisphere
- visual spatial - less favorable outome on balance if R brain injury |
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what allows the brain to be functionally assymetrical
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corpus callosum because it allows the communcation between the L and R hemispheres
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a ____ injury will generally do functionally better than a ____
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L will do functionally better than a R
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is handedness related to dominance?
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not much correlation of handedness to speech dominance
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cannot speak but can understand speech has a lesion where
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expressive aphasia ---> deficit in 44-45 (Broca's motor...frontal lobe lesion)
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can't understand but has fluent speech jargon, non-sense has a lesion where
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receptive aphasia: area 22 (wernicke's sensory)
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cannot speak or understand has a lesion where
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global aphasia: deficit in 44-45 and 22 (lateral surface lesions of both temporal and frontal lobe)
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can understand, can speak simultaneously, cant repeat what is said to them has a lesion where
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Conduction aphasia: diminished connection between 22 and 44-45
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aphasia is a disorder of the ___ brain
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L brain!
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patient has difficulty completing a task has a lesion where
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Kinetic apraxia: area 6 ... problems with motor planning/sequencing
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patient uses an object in an incorrect way (combing hair with scissors) has a lesion where
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ideational apraxia: parietal association areas 5,7
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patient can spontaneously do a task but not when told has a lesion where
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ideomotor apraxia: connection problem between areas 22 and 4 ..... (cant do the task on command .... cant hear the task (area 22) and execute it (area 4) but can do it simultaneously)
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a patient who cannot count has a lesion where
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Acalculia: area 39 in parietal lobe
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a patient who cannot read nor write has a lesion where
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alexia with agraphia: area 39
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a pateint can't read but CAN write has a lesion where
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connection lost between visual (17 and 18, 19, 21) and 39, but 39 is intact
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in order to write the connections between area ____ and ____ must be intact
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39 and 4
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in order to read the connections between ___ and ____ must be intact
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39 and visual areas
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L brain injury will have mainly ____ and ___ problems but their _____ is good
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will have mainly speech and analytical problems but their judgement is good
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what would the difference be in a drawing (pre-op vs. post-op) if a patient was asked to draw a 3D box after having corpus callosum cut)
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cannot replicate a 3D drawing post op because doesnt have the access to the visual spatial relationships formed in the right brain
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the right brain functions are
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- visual spatial relationships
- depth perception - recognize intra/extrapersonal space - body image/parts - shapes - artistic - analog not digital |
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what is the diff. between analog and digital
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analog = concepts that aren't as concrete "gray"
digital= concrete.. black/white |
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what are some disorders of a R brain injury
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- neglect syndromes
- poor drawings - poor recognition of body parts - amorphosyntesis - poor spatial perception - poor judgement |
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what is neglect syndrome
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person doesnt acknowledge a certain side of their environment
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what would you expect with a R parietal occipital stroke to area 39
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left- sided neglect (as indicated in pictures)
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what would you see in a R parietal stroke
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perception of space disoriented (drawing of pic completely 90 deg. shifted)
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what are likely deficits of a L brain injury
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- speech deficits
- problems with analytical function - acalculia - l/r distinction problems - finger recognition - alexia - agraphia - apraxia - R hemisory deficit, hemiplegia - R homonymous hemianopsia - mild R neglect |
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what are likely deficits of R brain injury
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- problems in visual spatial dimension
- L neglect (severe) - problems with drawings, depth perception, body parts, shapes - judgement poor, impulsive, lack of insight into condition - L hemisensory deficit, hemplegia, L homonymous hemianopsia |
