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12 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
1. What is the Hawthorne effect?

2. What is confounding bias?

3. What is mean, median, mode?
1. study subjects change in their behavior to meet the expectations of the researcher

2. when the effect of one factor influences another closely related factor

3. mean: average, median=divides top half from bottom half of list, mode=most common number
1. What is the Pygmalion effect?

2. Which is least effected by outliers: median, mode, or mean?

3. What is Type I (α) error?
1. researchers belief in the efficacy of a treatment changes the outcome of the treatment

2. mode

3. false-positive error
1. What is the difference between sampling bias and selection bias?

2. Which way is the tail in positive skew? Describe the relationship between mean, median, and mode?

3. What is Type II (β) error?
1. sampling bias: group not representative of general population; selection bias: individual placement in group is not random

2. tail is to the right; mode<median<mean

3. false-negative error?
1. What is procedure bias?

2. Which way is the tail in negative skew? Describe the relationship between mean, median, and mode?

3. What is Power of a study? (HINT: use equation)
1. more attention paid to a certain group that another group

2. tail is to the left; mode>median>mean

3. Power = 1-β (or 1 minus false negatives)
1. What is recall bias?

2. What is the primary method to increase the power of a study?

3. What is standard deviation in words?
1. study results affected by a person's memory or ability to recall items.

2. increase the sample size

3. The average of all the differences of data points in the sample from the mean.
1. What is Standard Error of the Mean mean in words and equation?

2. What is a t-test?
1. it's the standard deviation of all theoretical sample means; SEM=σ/√n

2. Compares the means of two groups
1. What parts of the population are included in 1, 2, or 3 standard deviations?

2. What is an ANOVA test?

3. What is the difference between 1⁰, 2⁰, 3⁰ disease prevention?
1. 1=68%, 2=95%, 3=99.7%

2. Compares the means of three+ groups

3. 1⁰: prevent, 2⁰: detect, 3⁰: reduce disability
1. What is a confidence interval in words and equation?

2. What does a χ^2 mean?

3. What infectious diseases require reporting?
1. the range that all the possible means fall within given a specific liklihood; 95%CI = mean+/- 2(SEM)

2. compares differences between two percentages

3. Hep, Hep, Hep, the SMART Chick is Gone, HepA/B/C, Syphillis, Salm, Shig, Mumps, Measles, AIDS, Rubella, Tb, Chickenpox, Gonorrhea
1. What are the possible values of a correlation coefficient and what does it mean?
1. -1 to +1. The closer the value is to 1, the more likely two variables are related to one another
1. Draw the Sens/Spec square and show equations for sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV?

2. What stat goes with a case control study and explain what it is?
1. Sensitivity: TP/TP+FN, Specificity: TN/TN+FP, PPV: TP/TP+FP, NPV: TN/TN+FN

2. Case control looks at Odds Ratio; what are the odds of disease in an exposed group versus odds of disease in a non-exposed group
1. What stat goes with a cohort study and explain what it is?

2. What's another word for accuracy?

3. What is the general idea of Phase I, Phase, II, and Phase III studies? What type of person is included in each and describe the sample size?
1. Cohort study looks at Relative Risk; the relative probability of a group with exposure having a disease versus that of a group with exposure not having disease

2. Validity

3. I: Safety (small, healthy), II: Efficacy (small, unhealthy), III: Compare (Large)
1. Draw the Odds/Relative Risk square and show equations for Odds Ratio, Relative Risk, Attributable Risk?
1. SEE SHEET