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15 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
1. To what level of the pulmonary tree are goblet cells present?

2. Which alveolar cell type is responsible for surfactant production?

3. Bronchopulmonary segments have two arteries that run in them. Which are they?
1. Only to the terminal (non-respiratory) bronchioles)

2. Type II

3. pulmonary arteries and bronchial arteries
1. What type of cells line the respiratory track?

2. What is the special function of clara cells that make them unique from Type II alveolar cells?

3. RALS is used to describe the relationship of what to what?
1. pseudostratified columnar with cilia

2. They degrade toxins

3. pulmonary artery to the bronchus
1. What are the two cell types in the alveoli and describe their shape?

2. At what level is the horizontal fissure of the R lung?

3. Describe the structures that perforate the diaphragm and at what level they perforate?
1. Type I: squamous; Type II: columnar

2. T4

3. Esophagus: T10, IVC T8, aorta T12
1. At what level is the origin of the oblique fissure posteriorly?

2. What is another name for surfactant?

3. Draw the lung capacities/volumes?
1. T2

2. lecithin

3. SEE SHEET
1. What is the difference between a volume and a capacity?
1. capicity is 2+ volumes added together
1. Why does a patient with Wiskott Aldridge get recurrent URIs?

2. What is the difference between anatomic dead space and functional dead space?

3. Draw the lung/chest wall diagram and note FRC?
1. Decreased IgM can't deal with capsules (but has increased IgA and IgE (wAstEr)

2. anatomical dead space is the air in the conducting system; functional dead space is the air in alveoli w/o blood supply

3. SEE SHEET
1. Which hemoglobin has a greater affinity for O2: relaxed or taut?

2. What chains are in normal human HgA? What chains are in normal human HbF?

3. How is CO2 transported in the blood? (3)
1. relaxed has a higher affinity; taut has a lower affinity

2. HgA:2α2β, HgF:2α2γ

3. dissolved, as HgCO2 on the globin chain (N), as HCO3-
1. Why does HgF have a higher affinity for O2?

2. What is the difference between O2 content and O2 capacity? (HINT: do the equation)

3. What is meant by pO2?
1. Because HgF has a lower affinity for BPG keeping the dissociation curve to the left

2. O2 content = (O2 binding capacity)(%Saturation) + dissoved O2

3. THe amount of dissolved O2 in the blood
1. What is a normal O2 capacity and how is this calculated?

2. Compare pO2 levels in a patient with a low Hg and a lung disorder?

3. What is a normal V/Q ratio?

4. What is a normal A-a O2 gradient?
1. 1g Hg=1.34 g/O2, nl Hg is 15 (15*1.34=20)

2. pO2 is nl with a hemeglobinopathy; pO2 is decreased with a lung disorder

3. 1 (or .8)

4. 10-15 mmHg
1. How is O2 saturation affected by low hemeglobin?

2. What is the difference between hypoxia and hypoxemia?

3. How does ventilation or perfusion change depending on area of the lung?
1. not effected

2. hypoxemia: low O2 content in the blood, hypoxia: low O2 given to tissues

3. Both are increased at the bases; both are decreased at the apices
1. Describe the V/Q ratios at the apex of the lung and the base of the lung? What is wasted in each case?

2. Describe the V/Q ration in a "shunting" situation?
1. apex: 3 (wasted ventilation); base: 0.6 (wasted perfusion)

2. V/Q = 0 (only perfusion, no ventilation)
1. What does a V/Q = 0 imply? How is this case affected by O2 administration?

2. How are PaO2 levels affected by exercise?

3. How does CO affect the O2 binding curve?
1. airway obstruction; O2 does not help

2. no changes; stays constant

3. Shifts to the left; makes Hg hold onto O2 more tightly
1. What does a V/Q = infinity imply? How is this case affected by O2 administration?

2. How are PaCO2 and PvCO2 levels affected by exercise?

3. Give an example of perfusion limited diffusion of O2 and an example of diffusion limited diffusion of O2 in the lung?
1. very low perfusion, O2 improves condition

2. PaCO2: no change, PvCO2: increased

3. Perfusion limited: nl, healthy patient; diffusion limited: COPD
1. How does V/Q ratio in the apices change when excersizing?

2. What is the antidote to methemoglobin poisoning?

3. How do you treat Cyanide poisoning w/ respect to the lung? (2 step)
1. Decreases closer to 1 as more blood vessels open up

2. Methlyene blue

3. Nitrites: oxidize Fe+2 → Fe+3 in order to bind the CN-, Thisulfate binds CN- for renal excretion
1. What is shunting w/ respect to V/Q ratios?

2. What is 1⁰ pulmonary hypertension and what mutation is associated with it? What does this mutation cause?
1. airway obstruction, V/Q=0

2. 1⁰ meaning no other cause; associated with BMPR2 mutation which ↑smooth muscle