• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/44

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

44 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the negative stranded RNA polymerase viruses?

What are the segmented viruses and what are the consequences of them being segmented?
Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication: Arena, Bunya, Paramyx, Orthomyx, Filo, Rhabdo

BOAR: bunya, ortho, arena, reo
these are responsible for antigenic DRIFT (recombination: swine flu orthovirus)
What causes viral antigenic shift and viral antigenic drift? What are the consequences of each?
antigenic drift: caused by recombination of genes; responsible for epidemic flu

antigenic shift: caused by mutation of genes; responsible for pandemics
What are the Picornaviruses?

What virus family is responsible for the common cold?

What virus family is responsible for influenza?

What virus family is responsible for Yellow Fever?
PEECoRnA: Polio, Echo, Entero, Coronoa, Rhino, HAV

cold: rhinovirus

flu: orthomyxovirus

yellow fever: flavivirus
DIagnose this presentation: fever, jaundice, black emesis

What are the S/S of congenital rubella syndrome?
yellow fever

Rubber Ducky, I'm so Blue: Rubella/Retardation, Ductus defects (heart), deafness, EYE (cataracts), blueberry baby rash
What acquired illness does Rubella cause?

Compare who is normally affected by Rotovirus and Norwalk virus?
German Measles

Roto: kids; Norwalk: adults
What are the paramyxoviruses?

What is a serious sequelae of measles (Rubeola)?

Hepatitis D coinfects with what other hepatitis virus?
PaRaMyxovirus: Parainfluenza (croup), RSV, Rubeola (reg. measles), Mumps

SSPE caused by remaining defective virus

HBV
Describe the S/S of measles?

What are Negri bodies?

Which Hepatitis viruses are associated with carriers?
Prodrome CCC+Koplik: Coryza, Conjunctivitis, Cough + Koplik spots, then head to toe rash

intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies seen in Rabies infections

HBV, HCV, HDV
What are the arboviruses and their vectors?

Which hepatitis virus has a high mortality in pregnant women?
Fevers Transmitted By Rodents Are Really Foul: Flavi, Toga, Bunya, Reo (arthropods), Arena, Rhabdo, Filo (mammals)

HEV
Which fever is called "break bone" fever?

Which hepatitis viruses are known to cause an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma?

Compare LFTs in viral hepatitis verus alcoholic hepatitis?
Dengue Fever

HBV, HCV, HDV

AST>ALT: alcoholic
ALT>AST: virAL
What is the window period of HBV infection? How to diagnose during window?
window: period between HBsAg and HBsAb; dx. w/ HBcAb
Describe the acute HBV infection w/ regard to: HBsAg, HBsAb, HBcAb?

Describe the HIV genome?
acute: HBsAg+, HBsAb-, HBcAb+

HIV genome: 2 ssRNA retroviruses
Describe the chronic HBV carrier w/ regard to: HBsAg, HBsAb, HBcAb?

Describe the various targets of HIV?
acute: HBsAg+, HBsAb-, HBcAb+

gp120 binds CD4+
CCR5 binds macrophages
CXCR4 binds T-cells
Since a chronic carrier of HBV and an acutely infected patient have the same serologies, how does one differentiate between the two?

At what levels do you begin prophylaxis for HIV opportunists?
the HBcAg is IgM for acute and IgG for chronic

PTM (PCM): PCP(200), Toxo(100), MAC(50)
What is tested in Northern, Western, and Southern blots?

What are the envelope and capsid proteins in HIV?
SNoW DRoP: South=DNA, North=RNA, West=protein

envelope(env): gp41, gp120
capsid(gag): p24
List the organisms that cause opportunistic infections in HIV infected patients and their sites of pathogenicity?
The Major Pathogens Causing Complete T-cell Collapse: Tb(lung), MAC(GI), PCP(lung), Candida(GI), CMV(eye/GI), Toxo(brain), Cryptococcus(brain), Cryptosporidia(GI)
What are the key traits of the following and what types of diarrhea does each cause?
1. EHEC
2. ETEC
3. EIEC
1. E(h)EC: HUS (bloody)
2. E(t)EC: Travellers Diarrhea (watery)
3. E(i)EC: Inflammatory (bloody)
Which organism causes pseudoappendicitis?

What type of diarrhea is caused by campylobacter?
Yersinia Entercolitica

Campylobacter: bloody diarrhea
What are the most common causes of atypical pneumonia and who tends to get these?
Most common for ages 18-40
1. chlamydiae pneumonia
2. legionella pneumonia
3. mycoplasma pneumonia
Most common pneumonia for patients older than 40?

Most common causes of pneumonia for neonates? (2)
s. pneumo

1. Group B Strep (agalactiae)
2. e. coli
Compare a the CSF findings in a fungal/Tb meningitis versus a viral meningitis with respect to:
1. pressure
2. immune cell response
3. protein
4. sugar
1. pressure: fungal/Tb-↑; viral-↑/nl
2. immune cell response: fungal/Tb-lymph; viral-lymph
3. protein: fungal/Tb-↑; viral-↑/nl
4. sugar: fungal/Tb-↓; viral-nl
Most common cause of UTI in male babies? Most common cause of UTI in elderly male?

What is the most common organism causing osteomyelitis?
babies: congenital; elderly: BPH

osteomyelitis: s. aureus
Most common agent of osteomyelitis in a sickle cell patient or a patient with hemoglobinopathies?

Which bacteria is synonymous with a "swarming" appearance on media?
salmonella for sickle cella

swarming=proteus
What virus causes Roseola and describe its presentation?

What bacteria is associated with a "Christmas Vagina"
HHV-6; presents with fever that dissapates THEN rash starts

Trichamonas: strawberry red mucosa w/ green discharge
What is Reiter's Syndrome? What is it caused by?

Two most common organisms for pelvic inflammatory disease?
chlamydia: Can't See (cataracts), Can't pee (dysuria), Can't climb a tree (Akylosing Spondylitis)

1. neisseria meningitis
2. chlamydia trachomatis
Bug hints:
1. burn infection
2. dog/cat bite
3. abcess, empyema
4. traumatic open wound
1. burn infection: pseudomonas
2. dog/cat bite: multicoda pastuerella
3. abcess, empyema: s. aureus
4. traumatic open wound: c. pefringens
Which antibiotics are bacteriocidal?

Which antibiotics are bacteriostatic?
Very Finely Proficient At Cell Murder: Vancomycin, FQ, Penicillins, AG, Cephalosporins, Metronidazole

ECSTaTiC: Erythro(Macs), Clindamycin, SMX, TMP, Tetracyclines, Chloramphenicol
What bugs does penicillin treat?
1. all cocci
2. g+ rods
3. spirochetes
What generation are the following drugs:
1. cefotetan
2. cephalexin
3. cefazolin
4. cefepime
5. ceftazidime
6. ceftriaxone
7. cefuroxime
8. cefotaxime
1. cefotetan: 2
2. cephalexin: 1
3. cefazolin: 1
4. cefepime: 4
5. ceftazidime: 3
6. ceftriaxone: 3
7. cefuroxime: 2
8. cefotaxime: 3
What is cilastin?

What is clavulanic acid?

What is the only beta lactamase without cross resistance?
cilastin is a drug given with carbapenems to prevent metabolism in of them in the renal tubules

clavulanic acid is a drug given with antipseudomonal penicillins to inhibit B-lacatamase

no cross resistance: aztreonam
Which antibiotics work via the following mechanisms?
1. inhibit PTG cross linking?
2. inhibit DNA synthesis
3. inhibit mRNA synthesis
4. inhibit 30S ribosome
5. inhibit 50S ribosome
6. block DNA topoisomerases
7. block PTG synthesis
1. inhibit PTG cross linking: B-Lactams
2. inhibit DNA synthesis: SMX/TMP
3. inhibit mRNA synthesis: Rifampin
4. inhibit 30S ribosome: AG, Tetracycline
5. inhibit 50S ribosome: Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin, Erythromycin (Macs), Linezolid, Lincomycin, Streptogramin (Quin/Dalf)
6. block DNA topoisomerases: FQ
7. block PTG synthesis: bacitracin, vancomycin
What drug in the same class as tetracycline is also capable of treating SIADH?

Patients with sulfa allergies should also not be given what other drugs?
demeclocycline

FACTS: Furosemide, Acetazolamide, Celecoxib, Thiazides, Sulfasalazine, Sulonylureal, SMX/TMP
1. Which antibiotics require O2 for functionality and therefore cannot be used for anaerobes?

2. Which drug binds the D-ala D-ala portion of its target?

3. Which cephalosporin are best at crossing the BBB?
1. AG

2. Vancomycin

3. 3rd generation
1. What class of drugs are best used for URI's/pneumonia?
2. What drug is best used for anaerobic bacteria?
3. What drug is best use for g+ resistant bacterias?
4. What drug is used to treat VRE?
1. macrolides
2. clindamycin
3. Vancomycin
4. Linezolid
1. What bacteria is chloramphenicol effective against?
2. What type of infection is SMX-TMP often used for?
3. What drug is used to treat MRSA?
1. everything: chlorine!
2. UTI
3. Vancomycin
What antibiotic drugs should be avoided during pregnancy and why?
SAFE Moms Take Really Good Care
1. Sulfa: kernicterus
2. AGs: ototoxicity
3. FQs: cartilage/bone damage
4. Erythromycin: acute cholestatic hepatitis
5. Metronidazole: mutagen
6. Tetracycline: bone growth problems
7. Ribavirin: teratogen
8. Griseofulvin: teratogen
9. Chloramphenicol: gray baby
What is kernicterus?

Which drugs are used for the following mycobacterials:
1. mycobacterium tuberculosis
2. mycobacterium leprae
3. mycobacteriam avium
kernicterus: deposition of high unconjugated bili into the brain (of a baby)

1. mycobacterium tuberculosis: INH
2. mycobacterium leprae: dapsone
3. mycobacteriam avium: macrolides
What infections is metronidazole used for?

What types of infections are FQs given for?

Which drug is used for oral candidiasis?
GET the GAP: Giardia, Entameoba Histolytica, Trichamonas, Gardnerella vaginalis, Anaerobes, h Pylori

FQ: g- rods of GU/GI

Nystatin (too toxic other than swish and spit)
How do antibiotic polymyxins disrupt cell membranes?

Which anti-mycobacterial drug has a different halflives?
polymixins: positively charged; act like detergents

INH: fast acetylators versus slow acetylators
What are the drugs used to treat Tb? (4)

What vitamin can prevent the side effect seen with INH therapy?

What type of drug is given prophylactically before dental procedures to prevent endocarditis?
RIPE: Rifampin, INH, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol

B6(pyridoxine) prevents the neuro effects of INH

penicillins
Which anti-fungals are analogous to penicillins and why?
amphotericin/nystatin both bind ergosterol (the cell wall of fungi)
How is flucytosine activated? Purine or pyrimidine?
Flucytosine converted into 5-FU in fungal cells to block pyrimidine synthesis
Describe the production of the fungal cell wall and the anti-fungals that inhibit this process?
squalene→ lanosterol (terbinafine)
lanosterol → ergosterol (-azoles)
Which anti-fungal is used to treat cryptococcus?

What is the similiarity and the difference for acyclovir and ganciclovir?
flucytosine

similarity: both competitively inhibit DNA polymerase
difference: A=HSV, G=CMV
Which one inhibits and which one induces Cyp: protease inhibitors or NNRTI?
protease inhibitors inhibit Cyp
NNRTI induce Cyp