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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the negative stranded RNA polymerase viruses?
What are the segmented viruses and what are the consequences of them being segmented? |
Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication: Arena, Bunya, Paramyx, Orthomyx, Filo, Rhabdo
BOAR: bunya, ortho, arena, reo these are responsible for antigenic DRIFT (recombination: swine flu orthovirus) |
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What causes viral antigenic shift and viral antigenic drift? What are the consequences of each?
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antigenic drift: caused by recombination of genes; responsible for epidemic flu
antigenic shift: caused by mutation of genes; responsible for pandemics |
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What are the Picornaviruses?
What virus family is responsible for the common cold? What virus family is responsible for influenza? What virus family is responsible for Yellow Fever? |
PEECoRnA: Polio, Echo, Entero, Coronoa, Rhino, HAV
cold: rhinovirus flu: orthomyxovirus yellow fever: flavivirus |
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DIagnose this presentation: fever, jaundice, black emesis
What are the S/S of congenital rubella syndrome? |
yellow fever
Rubber Ducky, I'm so Blue: Rubella/Retardation, Ductus defects (heart), deafness, EYE (cataracts), blueberry baby rash |
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What acquired illness does Rubella cause?
Compare who is normally affected by Rotovirus and Norwalk virus? |
German Measles
Roto: kids; Norwalk: adults |
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What are the paramyxoviruses?
What is a serious sequelae of measles (Rubeola)? Hepatitis D coinfects with what other hepatitis virus? |
PaRaMyxovirus: Parainfluenza (croup), RSV, Rubeola (reg. measles), Mumps
SSPE caused by remaining defective virus HBV |
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Describe the S/S of measles?
What are Negri bodies? Which Hepatitis viruses are associated with carriers? |
Prodrome CCC+Koplik: Coryza, Conjunctivitis, Cough + Koplik spots, then head to toe rash
intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies seen in Rabies infections HBV, HCV, HDV |
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What are the arboviruses and their vectors?
Which hepatitis virus has a high mortality in pregnant women? |
Fevers Transmitted By Rodents Are Really Foul: Flavi, Toga, Bunya, Reo (arthropods), Arena, Rhabdo, Filo (mammals)
HEV |
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Which fever is called "break bone" fever?
Which hepatitis viruses are known to cause an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma? Compare LFTs in viral hepatitis verus alcoholic hepatitis? |
Dengue Fever
HBV, HCV, HDV AST>ALT: alcoholic ALT>AST: virAL |
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What is the window period of HBV infection? How to diagnose during window?
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window: period between HBsAg and HBsAb; dx. w/ HBcAb
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Describe the acute HBV infection w/ regard to: HBsAg, HBsAb, HBcAb?
Describe the HIV genome? |
acute: HBsAg+, HBsAb-, HBcAb+
HIV genome: 2 ssRNA retroviruses |
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Describe the chronic HBV carrier w/ regard to: HBsAg, HBsAb, HBcAb?
Describe the various targets of HIV? |
acute: HBsAg+, HBsAb-, HBcAb+
gp120 binds CD4+ CCR5 binds macrophages CXCR4 binds T-cells |
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Since a chronic carrier of HBV and an acutely infected patient have the same serologies, how does one differentiate between the two?
At what levels do you begin prophylaxis for HIV opportunists? |
the HBcAg is IgM for acute and IgG for chronic
PTM (PCM): PCP(200), Toxo(100), MAC(50) |
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What is tested in Northern, Western, and Southern blots?
What are the envelope and capsid proteins in HIV? |
SNoW DRoP: South=DNA, North=RNA, West=protein
envelope(env): gp41, gp120 capsid(gag): p24 |
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List the organisms that cause opportunistic infections in HIV infected patients and their sites of pathogenicity?
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The Major Pathogens Causing Complete T-cell Collapse: Tb(lung), MAC(GI), PCP(lung), Candida(GI), CMV(eye/GI), Toxo(brain), Cryptococcus(brain), Cryptosporidia(GI)
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What are the key traits of the following and what types of diarrhea does each cause?
1. EHEC 2. ETEC 3. EIEC |
1. E(h)EC: HUS (bloody)
2. E(t)EC: Travellers Diarrhea (watery) 3. E(i)EC: Inflammatory (bloody) |
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Which organism causes pseudoappendicitis?
What type of diarrhea is caused by campylobacter? |
Yersinia Entercolitica
Campylobacter: bloody diarrhea |
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What are the most common causes of atypical pneumonia and who tends to get these?
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Most common for ages 18-40
1. chlamydiae pneumonia 2. legionella pneumonia 3. mycoplasma pneumonia |
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Most common pneumonia for patients older than 40?
Most common causes of pneumonia for neonates? (2) |
s. pneumo
1. Group B Strep (agalactiae) 2. e. coli |
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Compare a the CSF findings in a fungal/Tb meningitis versus a viral meningitis with respect to:
1. pressure 2. immune cell response 3. protein 4. sugar |
1. pressure: fungal/Tb-↑; viral-↑/nl
2. immune cell response: fungal/Tb-lymph; viral-lymph 3. protein: fungal/Tb-↑; viral-↑/nl 4. sugar: fungal/Tb-↓; viral-nl |
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Most common cause of UTI in male babies? Most common cause of UTI in elderly male?
What is the most common organism causing osteomyelitis? |
babies: congenital; elderly: BPH
osteomyelitis: s. aureus |
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Most common agent of osteomyelitis in a sickle cell patient or a patient with hemoglobinopathies?
Which bacteria is synonymous with a "swarming" appearance on media? |
salmonella for sickle cella
swarming=proteus |
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What virus causes Roseola and describe its presentation?
What bacteria is associated with a "Christmas Vagina" |
HHV-6; presents with fever that dissapates THEN rash starts
Trichamonas: strawberry red mucosa w/ green discharge |
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What is Reiter's Syndrome? What is it caused by?
Two most common organisms for pelvic inflammatory disease? |
chlamydia: Can't See (cataracts), Can't pee (dysuria), Can't climb a tree (Akylosing Spondylitis)
1. neisseria meningitis 2. chlamydia trachomatis |
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Bug hints:
1. burn infection 2. dog/cat bite 3. abcess, empyema 4. traumatic open wound |
1. burn infection: pseudomonas
2. dog/cat bite: multicoda pastuerella 3. abcess, empyema: s. aureus 4. traumatic open wound: c. pefringens |
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Which antibiotics are bacteriocidal?
Which antibiotics are bacteriostatic? |
Very Finely Proficient At Cell Murder: Vancomycin, FQ, Penicillins, AG, Cephalosporins, Metronidazole
ECSTaTiC: Erythro(Macs), Clindamycin, SMX, TMP, Tetracyclines, Chloramphenicol |
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What bugs does penicillin treat?
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1. all cocci
2. g+ rods 3. spirochetes |
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What generation are the following drugs:
1. cefotetan 2. cephalexin 3. cefazolin 4. cefepime 5. ceftazidime 6. ceftriaxone 7. cefuroxime 8. cefotaxime |
1. cefotetan: 2
2. cephalexin: 1 3. cefazolin: 1 4. cefepime: 4 5. ceftazidime: 3 6. ceftriaxone: 3 7. cefuroxime: 2 8. cefotaxime: 3 |
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What is cilastin?
What is clavulanic acid? What is the only beta lactamase without cross resistance? |
cilastin is a drug given with carbapenems to prevent metabolism in of them in the renal tubules
clavulanic acid is a drug given with antipseudomonal penicillins to inhibit B-lacatamase no cross resistance: aztreonam |
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Which antibiotics work via the following mechanisms?
1. inhibit PTG cross linking? 2. inhibit DNA synthesis 3. inhibit mRNA synthesis 4. inhibit 30S ribosome 5. inhibit 50S ribosome 6. block DNA topoisomerases 7. block PTG synthesis |
1. inhibit PTG cross linking: B-Lactams
2. inhibit DNA synthesis: SMX/TMP 3. inhibit mRNA synthesis: Rifampin 4. inhibit 30S ribosome: AG, Tetracycline 5. inhibit 50S ribosome: Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin, Erythromycin (Macs), Linezolid, Lincomycin, Streptogramin (Quin/Dalf) 6. block DNA topoisomerases: FQ 7. block PTG synthesis: bacitracin, vancomycin |
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What drug in the same class as tetracycline is also capable of treating SIADH?
Patients with sulfa allergies should also not be given what other drugs? |
demeclocycline
FACTS: Furosemide, Acetazolamide, Celecoxib, Thiazides, Sulfasalazine, Sulonylureal, SMX/TMP |
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1. Which antibiotics require O2 for functionality and therefore cannot be used for anaerobes?
2. Which drug binds the D-ala D-ala portion of its target? 3. Which cephalosporin are best at crossing the BBB? |
1. AG
2. Vancomycin 3. 3rd generation |
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1. What class of drugs are best used for URI's/pneumonia?
2. What drug is best used for anaerobic bacteria? 3. What drug is best use for g+ resistant bacterias? 4. What drug is used to treat VRE? |
1. macrolides
2. clindamycin 3. Vancomycin 4. Linezolid |
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1. What bacteria is chloramphenicol effective against?
2. What type of infection is SMX-TMP often used for? 3. What drug is used to treat MRSA? |
1. everything: chlorine!
2. UTI 3. Vancomycin |
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What antibiotic drugs should be avoided during pregnancy and why?
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SAFE Moms Take Really Good Care
1. Sulfa: kernicterus 2. AGs: ototoxicity 3. FQs: cartilage/bone damage 4. Erythromycin: acute cholestatic hepatitis 5. Metronidazole: mutagen 6. Tetracycline: bone growth problems 7. Ribavirin: teratogen 8. Griseofulvin: teratogen 9. Chloramphenicol: gray baby |
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What is kernicterus?
Which drugs are used for the following mycobacterials: 1. mycobacterium tuberculosis 2. mycobacterium leprae 3. mycobacteriam avium |
kernicterus: deposition of high unconjugated bili into the brain (of a baby)
1. mycobacterium tuberculosis: INH 2. mycobacterium leprae: dapsone 3. mycobacteriam avium: macrolides |
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What infections is metronidazole used for?
What types of infections are FQs given for? Which drug is used for oral candidiasis? |
GET the GAP: Giardia, Entameoba Histolytica, Trichamonas, Gardnerella vaginalis, Anaerobes, h Pylori
FQ: g- rods of GU/GI Nystatin (too toxic other than swish and spit) |
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How do antibiotic polymyxins disrupt cell membranes?
Which anti-mycobacterial drug has a different halflives? |
polymixins: positively charged; act like detergents
INH: fast acetylators versus slow acetylators |
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What are the drugs used to treat Tb? (4)
What vitamin can prevent the side effect seen with INH therapy? What type of drug is given prophylactically before dental procedures to prevent endocarditis? |
RIPE: Rifampin, INH, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol
B6(pyridoxine) prevents the neuro effects of INH penicillins |
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Which anti-fungals are analogous to penicillins and why?
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amphotericin/nystatin both bind ergosterol (the cell wall of fungi)
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How is flucytosine activated? Purine or pyrimidine?
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Flucytosine converted into 5-FU in fungal cells to block pyrimidine synthesis
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Describe the production of the fungal cell wall and the anti-fungals that inhibit this process?
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squalene→ lanosterol (terbinafine)
lanosterol → ergosterol (-azoles) |
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Which anti-fungal is used to treat cryptococcus?
What is the similiarity and the difference for acyclovir and ganciclovir? |
flucytosine
similarity: both competitively inhibit DNA polymerase difference: A=HSV, G=CMV |
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Which one inhibits and which one induces Cyp: protease inhibitors or NNRTI?
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protease inhibitors inhibit Cyp
NNRTI induce Cyp |