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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the unique surface markers to g-/g+ bacteria?
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g-: LPS
g+: techoic acid |
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Describe the colors and the shells of g-/g+ organisms?
What important molecule exists in the periplasmic space of many g- organisms? |
g- (red): outer memrane, PTG, periplasmic space, inner memrane
g+ (purple/blue): PTG, inner membrane (POSITIVE PURPLE) beta lactamase |
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What is the organism that lacks a cell well?
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mycoplasma
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List the general gram+ rods? (5)
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"Bacilli: My Corney Closet Lisp"
Bacillus Mycobacterium Corynebacterium Clostridium Listeria |
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Which are the general branching bacteria and are they gram positive or negative? (2)
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these are g+
nocardia actinomyces |
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Are the following organisms g+ or g- cocci:
1. staph 2. neisseria 3. strep |
1. staph: g+
2. neisseria: g- 3. strep: g+ |
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How are the following organisms stained:
1. treponemes 2. legionella 3. mycobacteria |
1. darkfield or flourescent
2. silver stain 3. acid fast |
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Name the intracellular BACTERIA?
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Some Nasty Bugs May Like Living From You. Room Crashers
Salmonella, Neiserria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Legionella, Listeria, Franciscella, Yersinia. Rickettsia, Chlamydiae |
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Describe the growth media required for h. influenza?
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1. chocolate V/X (NAH/hematin)
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Which bacteria are obligate anaerobes and which are obligate aerobes?
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anaerobes: Can't Breath Air
Clostridium, Bacteroides, Actinomyces aerobes: Must Not Prohibit Breathing Mycobacterium Nocardia Pseudomonas, Bacillus |
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Which bacteria have capsules? (4)
Which bacteria have urease? (4) |
"Some Nasties Have Kapsules"
Strep pneumo, Neisseria, H. influe, Klebsiella "Particular Kinds Have Urease" Proteus Klebsialla, H. pylori, Ureaplasma |
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How to tell the difference between staph and strep other than clusters versus strips?
How to tell the difference between the α-hemolytic streps? How to tell the difference between the β-hemolytic streps? |
staph: cat+
strep: cat- strep pneumo: optichin sensitive viridans strep: optichin resistant strep pyogenes(GroupA): bacitracin sensitive strep agalactiae(GroupB): bacitracin resistant |
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Draw the g+ algorhythm?
Compare endotoxin/exotoxin with regard to: 1. heat stability 2. mode of action 3. antigenicity 4. capability for sepsis |
1. endo: stable; exo: unstable with heat
2. endo: TNF/complement; exo: various 3. endo: low antigenicity; exo: high antigenicity 4. endo: sepsis +; exo: sepsis - |
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Which bacteria form spores (2) and which stage in the bacterial growth cycle does this happen?
Where are resistance genes found in a bacteria? |
stationary (peak) phase:
1. bacillus 2. clostridium often in a plasmid |
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What is the difference between:
1. transformation 2. conjugation 3. transduction 4. transposition |
1. transformation: new DNA taken up from environment into a cell
2. conjugation: sexual pass from one cell to the next 3. lytic phage infects with DNA 4. movement of DNA between one cells bacterial chromosome and its plasmid (or vice versa) |
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List the phage toxins: (5) What type of phage?
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LYSOGENIC (temperate) phage
A:shigA toxin (e. coli) B:botulinum C:holera D:iptheria E:rythrogenic toxin of Strep Pyogenes |
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Which organism has a "Protein A" for virulence? What is its function?
Which organism has a "M protein" for virulence? What is its function? |
Protein A comes from staph. Aureus; it prevents phagocytosis/complement
Protein M comes from strep. pyogeMes; it prevents phagocytosis/complement |
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For what bacteria's existence does an ASO titer look for?
What is the important toxin related to staph. aureus infection? What disease does it cause? |
strep. pyogenes
TSST-1 exotoxin causes toxic shock |
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Which organism, if not treated, will cause Rheumatic Fever later in life?
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strep. pyogenes (M protein Ab)
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What is the difference between α-hemolytic and β-hemolytic strep?
Which bacerial organism is associated with "rusty sputum"? |
α: only partial hemolyses RBC
β: entirely hemolyses RBC strep. pneumoniae |
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Strep pneumo is the most common cause of what different diseases?
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1. otitis media
2. pneumonia 3. meningitis |
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Name two organisms associated with non-staph endocarditis? (2)
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1. viridans strep
2. strep. pyogenes |
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What organism causes Scarlett fever? Describe its presentation?
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strep. pyogenes exotoxin causes scarlett fever;
sandpaper texture rash that spares the face |
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Compare the cutaneous manifestations of staph aureus and strep. pyogenes infections?
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s. aureus: scalded skin
s. pyogenes: impetigo, cellulitis |
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What are the criteria for Rheumatic fever? (5)
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JONES
Joints (migrating polyarthritis) O: heart-endocarditis N: nodules (subQ) E: erythema marginatum S: sydenham chorea |
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What pathology is associated with strep. bovis?
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colon cancer
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What bacteria is associated with LAD and pseudomembranous (grey/white) pharyngitis?
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corynebacterium diptheria
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Describe the bordetella toxin mechanism and the disease it causes?
Describe the corynebacterium toxin mechanism and the disease it causes? Describe the vibrio toxin mechanisms and the disease it causes? |
Bordetelle: A-B that causes inhibition of Gi and whooping cough
Corynebacterium: A-B that causes EF2 inhibition and pseudomembranous pharyngitis Vibrio: A-B that causes Gs and diarrhea |
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Compare the toxins and their actions for the following bacteria:
1. c. perfringens 2. c. tetani 3. c. botulinum |
1. c. perfringens: α toxin causes gas gangrene
2. c. tetani: causes GABA inhibition 3. c. botulinum: causes ACh release inhibition |
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What are the two routes of anthrax infection and the presentation of each?
What organisms cause meninigitis of the (a) neonate (b) infant (c) adult (d) elderly |
1. cutaneous: painless eschar
2. inhaled: flu-like with dissemination to mediastium (widened) (a) listeria/group B strep (b) h. flu/neisseria (c) neisseria (d) strep. pneumo |
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What pathologies is caused by listeria? (2)
What patients are infected with this organism? What is the laboratory diagnostic criteria for this organism? |
pneumonia or meningitis
babies and the elderly tumbling motility |
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What drugs are used to treat nocardia and actinomyces?
What is Pott's disease? |
SNAP
sula for nocardia actinomyces gets penicillin Tb spread to the spine during secondary infection |
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What is the difference between the Ghon focus and the Ghon complex?
What is the difference between primary and secondary Tb infection? |
focus: only the granuloma
complex: granuloma + mediastinal nodes primary: ghon complex; usually asymptomatic secondary: reactivated w/ spread to other lung sites/organ sites |
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What organism causes Hansen's disease?
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mycobacterium leprae
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Describe the vaccine to h. influenza?
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conjugated vaccine to many strains' capsule
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What drug is given to treat hemophilus influenza pnumonia?
What drug is given to treat pseudomonas? What drug is given to treat legionella? |
haemophilus: 3rd cephalo (ceftriaxone)
pseudomonas: AG legionella: macrolide (intracellular) |
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What are the two pathologies caused by legionella?
What is a physical diagostic characteristic of pseudomonas and a laboratory diagnostic characteristic of pseudomonas? |
1. legionaires disease: severe pneumonia
2. pontiac disease: mild flu physical: eschar laboratory: grape like odor |
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Draw the g- algorithm?
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DRAW IT
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What organism causes an infection with currant jelly sputum?
What patients get pneumonia with this organism? (2) |
klebsiella
1. diabetics 2. alcoholics (aspiration) |
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How do salmonella and shigella differ with respect to the following:
1. H2S 2. motility 3. virulence? |
1. salmon: + H2S, +flagella
2. shigella: -H2S, -flagella 3. shigella more virulent than salmonella |
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What organism causes typhoid fever?
Where does it lay dormant? What is a physical diagnostic characteristic of typhoid fever? |
salmonella typhi
galbladder (tyhoid mary) rose spots on abdomen |
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What is the reservoir for leptospira?
What disease is caused by borellia burgdorferi? Describe the S/S of congenital syphilis? |
animal urine
Lyme disease CONgenital syphilis: 1. cold S/S: sniffles 2. osteo/chondro problems: saber shins, hutchinson teeth 3. neuro: CNVIII deaf |
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What is Weil's Disease?
What are the S/S of Lyme disease? What S/S occur during which stage of the disease? |
ictohemorrhagic leptospirosis
BAKE a key lyme pie: Bell's palsy (2) Arthritis (3) Kardiac (2) Erythema migrans (1) |
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Describe the three stages of syphilis? (3)
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1. painless chancre
2. constitutional w/ bodywide rash (palms/soles) 3. gummas, neurosyph, cardiac syph |
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Compare VDRL and FTA-ABs with respect to:
1. specificity 2. earliest + reading? What things give false positive VDRL readings? (4) |
VDRL: less specific, later test
FTA-ABs: more specific, earlier test Viral mono Drugs Rheumatoid fever Lupus |
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What pathology do the following cause:
1. pasteurella 2. yersinia 3. brucella 4. francisella |
1. cellulitis
2. plague 3. undulant fever (cow) 4. tularemia |
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What are clue cells and what bacteria are responsible for them?
Describe the presentation of this bacteria? |
vaginal cells covered with bacterial; gardnerella vaginalis
fishy smell; grey/white d/c |
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Compare the rashes seen in Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever with those seen in Endemic Typhus?
What drug treats the organisms that cause these infections? |
r. typhus (endemic) starts on the TRUNK
r. ricketssia (RMSF) starts on the RISTS doxycycline |
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What organism does the Weil Felix reaction test for? What are the two exceptions to this test?
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tests for rickettsia
1. doesn't recognize coxiella 2. cross reacts with proteus |
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What are the two forms of the chlamydia bacteria and which of these is infectious*?
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1. elementary*
2. reticulate |
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What are the serotypes and corresponding diseases for the chlamydiae trachomatis bacteriae?
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1. A, B, C = Africa, Chronic, Blind
2. D-K = female GU or neonatal 3. L1-L3 = LVG (bubo) |
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What organism is responsible for a pneumonia where the patient walks into the doctors office?
How is this organism treated? |
mycoplasm pnemonia
macrolides or tetracycline (no cell wall) |
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What are the three dimorphic fungi, their appearance, and the location where they occur?
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blasto (east of mississippi): broad based budding
coccidio (SW US): endospore histo (ohio/mississippi valleys): intracellular macrophages NO CAPSULE! |
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When are the dimorphic fungi in either of their states?
Compare branching of mucor and aspergillus? |
cold: mold, heat: yeast
mucor: 90⁰ aspergillus: 45⁰ |
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Describe the pathological lesion caused by cryptococcus?
Where does this pathogen come from? How is it ID'd in the lab? |
soap bubble brain lesion
pigeon droppings india ink stains capsule; latex agglutinin |
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Name that yeast: cigar shaped budding yeast?
When to initiate PCP prophylaxis and with what drug? |
sporothrix
PCP prophylaxis is SMP-TMX; initiate when CD4+<200 |
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Compare the S/S seen in trichomonas vaginallis infection and gardnerella vaginalis infection with regard to:
1. color 2. odor 3. S/S |
trichomonas:
color- strawberry red mucosa with greenish discharge odor- foul S/S- itching/burning gardnerella vaginalis: color- gray/white discharge: odor- fishy S/S - painless |
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Name two organisms that cause a "recurrent" or "relapsing" fever and the mechanism for this?
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1. african trypanosomes
2. borellia recurrentis both change Ag once the body begins to recognize them |
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What protozoa are treated with Metronidazole? (3)
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1. Giardia
2. Entameoba Histolytica 3. Trichomonas |
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What is the pathogen that causes Chagas disease?
What are the S/S of acute and chronic Chagas disease? How is this treated? |
trypanosoma cruzi
A: chagoma C: megacolon, megaesophagus, cardiomyopathy nifurtimox |
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How are the two african trypanosomes treated pharmacologically?
How is leischmania donovani treated? How does babesia appear under microscope? |
suramin: for blood borne disease
melarsoprol: for CNS diseases l. donovani: sodium stigbonate maltese cross |
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Which plasmodium species have a latent period in the liver? (2)
What drug is normally used to treat erythrocytic plasmodium species and which is used to treat those with the latent liver stage? |
ovale
vivax chloroquine is the normal drug primaquine (PRIME) for liver latency |
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What drug is used to treat the toxoplasm gondii parasite?
What drug is used to treat babesia? What type of infection is babesia very similar to? |
SMX-TMP
quinine malarial: hemolytic anemia |
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What are the S/S of entameoba histolytica infection?
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1. bloody diarrhea
2. RUQ pain w/ liver abcess |
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What are the characterstic findings with the following organisms and how are each transmitted:
1. enterobius vermicularis: 2. trichinella spiralis: 3. diphyllobothrum latum: 4. schistosoma hematobium: 5. taenia solium: |
1. enterobius vermicularis (fecal/oral): pruritis ani
2. trichinella spiralis (undercooked pork): muscle cysts 3. diphyllobothrum latum (raw fresh fish): B12 deficiency 4. schistosoma hematobium (snail cercariae penetrate skin): bladder cancer 5. taenia solium (ingest eggs from pork): cysticercosis |
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What are the characterstic findings with the following organisms and how are each transmitted:
1. echinococcus granulosus: 2. onchocerca volvulus: 3. loa loa: 4. chlonorchis sinensis: |
1. echinococcus granulosus (dog feces): liver (hydatid) cysts
2. onchocerca volvulus (blackflies): riverblindness 3. loa loa (flies): burrowing conjunctival worm 4. chlonorchis sinensis (undercooked fish): biliary inflammation |
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What are the routes of infections for the nematodes (6)?
How are nematodes (roundworms) treated? |
EAT (oral): enterobius, ascaris, trichinella
SANd (feet): strongyloides, ancylostoma, necator bendazoles |
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In viral genetics, what is complementation?
What are the recombinant viral vaccines used today? (2) |
complementation: two viruses infect a cell but one makes particular products for the other
1. HBV 2. HPV |
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What are the killed viral vaccines used today?
Comment on the ploidy of viruses? |
RIP Always: Rabies, Influenza, Polio (Salk, IM), HAV
all viruses are haploid except for retroviruses are diploid |
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What are the characteristics of all DNA viruses? (3)
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1. linear (except the "omas" papilloma, polyoma)
2. double stranded (except parvovirus "part of a virus") 3. icosohedral (except pox "x on the house") |
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What are the herpes viruses?
What type of virus is HBV? What does adenovirus cause? (2) |
Herpes in a CHHEVy: CMV, HSV, HHV, EBV, VZV
HBV: hepadonovirus adenovirus: 1. pink eye 2. pharyngitis |
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What does Parvovirus cause? (2)
What does Polyoma virus cause? What doe Pox virus cause? (2) |
parvovirus
1. fifths(slapped cheek) or arthritis 2. hydrops fetalis polyoma: JC PML (in HIV) pox: 1. small pox 2. molluscum contagiosum |
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What pathologies arise from EBV reactivation? (2)
What is a Tzanck test? |
1. burkitts
2. nasopharyngeal carcinoma HSV test from open sores "Tzanck God I don't have Herpes!" |
