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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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how do ACE inhibitors work?
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decreases afterload.
stops vasoconstriction. |
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what conditions are ACE inhibitors helpful for?
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peripheral neuropathy.
CHF. HTN. |
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how do identify ACE drug name?
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ends in "-pril"
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how to beta blockers work?
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inhibits epinephrine & sympathetic actions.
relaxes heart and lungs. |
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what conditions are beta blockers helpful for?
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arrhythmias
after MI HTN chronic ischemic CAD |
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how are beta blockers named?
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end with "-lol"
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how do calcium channel blockers work?
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decrease force of contraction.
cause vasodilation. slow down conduction in heart. |
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contraindication for beta blockers?
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cardiomyopathy
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contraindications for calcium channel blockers?
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heart block
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how do loop diuretics work?
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inhibit Na+ reabsorption
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how do thiazides work?
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retain water by inhibit Na+/Cl- symporter.
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how do digitalis work?
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increase CO to increase urine output.
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how do potassium-sparing diuretics work?
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sparing potassium?
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when are diuretics used?
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for CHF and HTN.
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what are contraindications for digitalis
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HCM!!!
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how do sympathomimetics work?
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act on beta 2 receptors to help with what do methylxanthines work?bronchodilation.
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how do methylxanthines work?
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bronchodilators effecitve for CPOD / asthma by increasing diaphragm's capacity to contract.
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what does epinephrine HCL do?
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increase cardiac inotrophy / chronotropy.
increased arterial tone and bronchodilation. |
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what does isoproterenol HCL do?
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very potent inotropic/chronotropic activity.
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how does albuterol do?
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selective beta, one of the drugs of choice in acute bronchoona
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What lab values are associated with diagnosis of AMI?
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troponins and CK-MB
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what lab values are associated with diagnosis of CHF?
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BNP levels
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what lab values are associated with changes in ECG?
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electrolyte changes
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what do troponins do?
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cardiac regulatory proteins that control calcium mediated ineractio of actin and myosin.
in other words, control muscle contractions. |
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how does troponins respond after AMI?
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the gold standard.
increases 2-6hr after AMI. peaks within 10-24 hours. back to normal in 10 days.` |
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creatine kinase
MM = BB = MB = |
MM = skeletal muscle
BB = brain tissue MB = cardiac tissue |
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CK-MB rises when how?
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begins 4-6 hours after onset of infarction.
peaks 12-24hrs . returns to baseline 36-48 hours. |
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what may be false positives for CK-MB?
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CPR.
cardiac surgery. THA. thrombolysis w/ tpa. (hypothyroidism, renal failure, combined skeletal muscle and cardiac injury) |
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what do elevated troponins indicate?
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moderate to severe PE w/ R heart overload.
heart failure. myocarditis. trauma such as CPR, electrical conversion, AICD firing.) |
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where are BNP produced?
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left ventricles especially, but both.
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what does BNP do?
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dilates arteries and veins.
released during pressure or volume overload, eg CHF, LV dysfunction, ventricular hypertrophy, CM. |
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what are normal values of sodium?
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135-145 mEq/L
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what does sodium do?
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regulates blood volume and pressure.
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what does low sodium indicate?
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hypoatremia, which is excess body fluid and dilute sodium level.
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what is hypoatremia sign of?
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CHF, liver failure, renal failure, or pneumonia.
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what is hypernatremia?
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dehydrated, so less fluid, greater [Na2+].
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what does hypernatremia cause/
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lethargy, weakness, irritability and edema.
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what are signs of hyponatremia
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headache, vomit, nausea, confusion, fatigue, loss of appetite, restlessness and irritability, muscle weakness, spasms, or cramps, seizures.
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what is normal hemoglobin and hematocrit ratio?
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1:3
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what are normal values of potassium?
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3.5-5.1 mEq/L
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what are potassium important for?
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nerve transmission
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what is hypokalemia?
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<3.0 mEq/L
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what are symptoms of hypokalemia
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muscular weakness, myalgia, muscle cramps.
flattened or inverted T waves, a Uwave, ST depression, and a wide Pr interval. prolonged repolarization of ventricular purkinje fibers. |
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what can cause hypokalemia
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diarrhea, excessive perspiration, losses associated with surgical procedures.
vomiting. diuretics, including thiaaide diuretics and loop diuretics. prolonged excess of caffeine. |
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what is hyperkalemia?
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imparied K= urinary secretion due to kidney disease.
muscle weakness or paralysis. cardiac arrythmias, sinus bradycardia, VT/VF asystole. |
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continue at page 295.
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continue at pg 295.
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