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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How long must blood supply to the brain cease for loss of consciousness?
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>10 sec
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How long does it take to cause permanent brain damage from no blood supply?
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~10 min
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What is the approximate pressure in collection vessels (veins, venules)?
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atmospheric (zero)
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How much blood is added to the arteries of the foot when moving from prone to standing upright?
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~1.3L blood (100mmHg)
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What is the benefit of measuring blood pressure from the upper arm?
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usually at the level of the heart
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During the cardiac cycle, what causes the atrioventricular valve to shut?
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the ventricle contracts during systole, raising pressure in the chamber.
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During the cardiac cycle, what happens during the isovolumic contraction period?
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in systole, the ventricle continues to contract, raising pressure in the chamber, forcing the semi-lunar valve open
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What is isovolumic relaxation?
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when the semilunar valve closes, and ventricular pressure falls
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When does the atrioventricular valve open?
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when ventricular pressure falls below atrial pressure
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What is the blood ejected from the ventricle also known as?
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stroke volume
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What is the ejection fraction?
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the proportion of end-diastolic volume (EDV) which is ejected during systole
Ef = SV/EDV |
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What is the typical ejection fraction for the left ventricle?
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50-70%
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What is cardiac output, and its relation to stroke volume?
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it is the amount of blood pumped from the heart each minute
CO = SV x HR |
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What are the mean pressures of the left and right atria?
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RA 3-5 mm Hg
LA 5-10 mm Hg |
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What are the ventricle pressures during diastole, and how do they compare to their pressures during systole?
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1-3 mm Hg
they markedly lower than in systole |
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What are the systolic ventricular chamber pressures?
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RV 20-25 mm Hg
LV 110-130 mm Hg |
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What is normal pulmonary artery pressure?
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25/12 mm Hg
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What is normal aortic pressure?
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120/80 mm Hg
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What are the contractile units of the myocardium?
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sarcomeres
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In muscle contraction, what is the power stroke?
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when myosin molecule bends at head-rod junction, shortening the myofilament
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How much ATP is consumed per power stroke?
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1 ATP per myosin molecule
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What regulatory proteins do myofilaments contain?
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troponin, tropomyosin
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What protein maintains sarcomere structure?
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titin
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How does an increase in venous return affect cardiac muscle?
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stretches the sarcomere during diastole
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Does overstretching a sarcomere reduce or raise contractile force?
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reduce
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If diastolic pressure becomes too high in the left ventricle, what happens to the pulmonary system?
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becomes congested
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What influences ventricular afterload?
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arterial pressure, aortic valve function, and arterial impedance
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What is the result of an increased afterload?
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reduced sarcomere shortening, and consequently lowered SV and CO.
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What is Class 4 in the New York Heart Association symptoms of heart failure?
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severe restriction of activity
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What are ventricular gallop sounds indicative of?
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S3
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What investigation is used to assess pulmonary congestion?
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Chest X-ray
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What ejection fraction indicates severe heart failure?
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=<25%
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How many adults present to GPs with hazardous or harmful drinking behaviour?
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1 in 6
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List some early problems associated with alcohol
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accidents, injury, trauma, depression, anxiety, hypertension, arrythmias, dyspepsia, GI, psychosocial
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List some late stage alcohol problems
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cirrhosis, pancreatitis, brain damage, peripheral neuropathy, cardiomyopathy, dependence, withdrawal
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Name two markers/pathology test findings of alcohol abuse
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Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), mean cell volume (MCV)
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What separates the musculi pectinati from the smooth muscle of the right atrium?
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crista terminalis
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What is the prominent feature on the smooth wall of the right atrium?
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fossa ovalis
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What is the fossa ovalis during foetal life?
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fossa ovale
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Where might defects occur in the right atrium?
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fossa ovalis
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t/f the tricuspid valve has cordae tendinae, but not papillary muscle.
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false.. it has both
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Where does the azygous vein drain?
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to the SVC
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t/f fluid in the interstitium or alveoli are signs of heart failure.
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true
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What is the smooth inner surface of the atria also known as?
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infundibulum
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What artery supplying the heart is known as the 'widowmaker'?
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Anterior interventricular artery (LAD)
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How does blood drain into the RA?
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through the coronary sinus, fed by the great and middle cardiac veins
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t/f... the circumflex artery joins the R coronary artery?
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true
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Where do coronary arteries arise?
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base of the ascending aorta
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If a murmur occurs between S1 and S2, is it systolic or diastolic?
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systolic
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Who performed the first heart transplant in Australia, and when?
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Victor Chang, 1984
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How long do heart transplants last?
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>30 years
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t/f... the circumflex artery joins the R coronary artery?
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true
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Who performed the first heart transplant in the world, and when?
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Christian Bernard, 1967
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Where do coronary arteries arise?
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base of the ascending aorta
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Which vessels are cannulated in heart surgery?
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aorta, SVC, IVC
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If a murmur occurs between S1 and S2, is it systolic or diastolic?
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systolic
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What processes does blood travel through in a lung bypass machine?
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(SVC/IVC -->) reservoir --> pump --> heater/cooler --> oxygenator (--> aorta)
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Who performed the first heart transplant in Australia, and when?
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Victor Chang, 1984
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In orthotopic heart surgery, which veins are not transected?
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pulmonary veins
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How long do heart transplants last?
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>30 years
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What vessels and heart section/s are anastomosed to the donor heart?
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LA patch, RA with its SVC and IVC, aorta and pulmonary trunk
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Who performed the first heart transplant in the world, and when?
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Christian Bernard, 1967
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Which vessels are cannulated in heart surgery?
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aorta, SVC, IVC
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What processes does blood travel through in a lung bypass machine?
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(SVC/IVC -->) reservoir --> pump --> heater/cooler --> oxygenator (--> aorta)
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In orthotopic heart surgery, which veins are not transected?
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pulmonary veins
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What vessels and heart section/s are anastomosed to the donor heart?
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LA patch, RA with its SVC and IVC, aorta and pulmonary trunk
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t/f... the circumflex artery joins the R coronary artery?
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true
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Where do coronary arteries arise?
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base of the ascending aorta
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If a murmur occurs between S1 and S2, is it systolic or diastolic?
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systolic
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Who performed the first heart transplant in Australia, and when?
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Victor Chang, 1984
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How long do heart transplants last?
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>30 years
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Who performed the first heart transplant in the world, and when?
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Christian Bernard, 1967
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Which vessels are cannulated in heart surgery?
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aorta, SVC, IVC
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What processes does blood travel through in a lung bypass machine?
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(SVC/IVC -->) reservoir --> pump --> heater/cooler --> oxygenator (--> aorta)
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In orthotopic heart surgery, which veins are not transected?
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pulmonary veins
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What vessels and heart section/s are anastomosed to the donor heart?
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LA patch, RA with its SVC and IVC, aorta and pulmonary trunk
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How does inspiration increase venous return?
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It decreases intrathoracic pressure --> decreases central venous pressure --> increases pressure gradient for venous return --> increases venous return
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How does inspiration increase heart rate?
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It increases pulmonary stretch receptor activity --> then there is a reflex via vagal afferent nerves and lower brainstem --> increasing heart rate
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t/f... TPR is reduced during exercise
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t
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What does the PQ interval represent?
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Sum of delays from SA, AV nodes and purkinjie fibres.
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t/f... transmural pressure in PV capillaries is positive?
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f. hence, capillaries are only open on diastole.
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What is Eithoven's triangle?
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ECG leads R, F, L
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Where does lead II run?
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from R to F
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Where does lead I run?
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from R to L
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What flows into the cell on depolarisation?
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Na+
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What flows out of the cell on repolarisation?
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K+
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