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Psychological Disorders

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MCAT 2015: Behavioral Science (sample)

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Biomedical approach

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definition: only takes medical/physiological mechanisms into account for psychological disorders.

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Biomedical approach

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attributes: treatments tend to be entirely biomedical

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Biopsychosocial approach

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definition: Takes into account biological, psychological, and social contributors to psychological disorders.

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Biopsychosocial approach

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attributes: Address biological, psychological, and social contributors to psychological disorders

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (DSM-5)

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definition: The diagnostic handbook for psychological disorders. Guides diagnosis by symptoms.

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Psychological disorders

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attributes: Very common in the general population

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Schizophrenia

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definition: Made up of positive and negative symptoms, psychosis is a key attribute of this disorder

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Schizophrenia

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positive symptoms: Add to behavior (hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech/behavior)

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Schizophrenia

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negative symptoms: Normal behaviors are absent (lost)-- normal affect, interaction, and loss of will.

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Schizophrenia

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biologic basis: genetics, birth trauma, teen marijuana use, dopaminergic variation

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Depressive disorders

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types: Major depressive disorder (MDD), seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

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Depressive disorders

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biologic basis: Elevated glucocorticoids, low serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine

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Major depressive disorder (MDD)

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definition: ≥1 major depressive episode

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Pervasive depressive disorder

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definition: ≥ 2 years of depression, but NOT major depressive disorder

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Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

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definition: MDD with onset in the winter months. Often correlated to reduced sunlight.

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Bipolar disorder

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components: manic or hypomanic episodes

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Bipolar disorder

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biologic basis: genetics, higher-than-normal levels of serotonin and norepinephrine

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Bipolar I disorder

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definition: ≥ 1 manic episode

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Bipolar II disorder

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definition: ≥ 1 hypomanic episode + ≥ 1 major depressive episode

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Cyclothymic disorder

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components: hypomanic episodes + dysthymia (persistent mild depressions)

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Anxiety disorders

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types: generalized anxiety disorder, phobias, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, panic disorder

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Generalized anxiety disorder

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definition: persistent, unreasonable anxiety about many things lasting ≥ 6 months

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Specific phobias

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definition: Excessive fears about certain things or situations

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Social anxiety disorder

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definition: Anxiety secondary to social situations

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Agoraphobia

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definition: Fear of situations wherein there is a perceived inability to escape

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Panic disorder

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components: intense fear, recurrent panic attacks, strong sympathetic nervous system response with no clear cause. Can lead to agoraphobia.

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder

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components: inappropriately persistent thoughts (obsessions) combined with actions or tasks that relieve tension, but impede normal life (compulsions)

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Body dysmorphic disorder

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definition: Unrealistically negative view of one's appearance (total or a single part). Can lead to extreme 'corrective' actions.

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Dissociative disorders

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types: Dissociative amnesia, dissociative identity disorder, depersonalization/derealization disorder

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Dissociative amnesia

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definition: No neurological disorder, but loss of ability to remember past experiences

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Dissociative amnesia

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attributes: May have dissociative fugue, where a sudden change in location triggers an identity change

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Dissociative identity disorder

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definition: ≥ 2 personalities that take over a person's behavior

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Depersonalization/derealization disorder

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components: Perceived detachment from environment, mind, or body

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Somatic symptom disorder

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components: ≥ 1 bodily symptom leading to disproportionate concern

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Illness anxiety disorder

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definition: Obsessive concern about developing or having a serious medical condition

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Conversion disorder

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definition: Unexplained motor/sensory symptoms-- associated with prior trauma

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Personality disorders

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three clusters: Cluster A (odd, weird), Cluster B (dramatic, erratic), Cluster C (fearful, worried)

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Personality disorders

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definition: Patterns of behavior that are inflexible, unchanging, that impair function

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Cluster A Personality Disorders

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types: Paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid personality disorders

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Cluster B Personality Disorders

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types: Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders

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Cluster C Personality Disorders

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types: Avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders (NOT obsessive-compulsive disorder)

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Paranoid Personality Disorder

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definition: Consistent suspicion of others

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Paranoid Personality Disorder

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example: "_____ is out to get me."

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Schizotypal Personality Disorder

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example: Claiming to be King of England

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Schizotypal Personality Disorder

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definition: magical thinking, delusions of reference

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Schizoid Personality Disorder

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definition: Little emotion, few social relationships

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Schizoid Personality Disorder

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example: Unabomber

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Antisocial Personality Disorder

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definition: Others' concerns/rights don't matter

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Borderline Personality Disorder

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components: Unstable mood, self-image, and relationships.

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Borderline Personality Disorder

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components: Splitting (some people/things are 100% good, others are 100% bad)

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Histrionic Personality Disorder

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components: Attention-getting behavior patterns

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Histrionic Personality Disorder

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example: the lady in the waiting room wearing a pink feather boa

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Narcissistic Personality Disorder

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components: Unrealistic sense of self-importance, need for admiration

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Avoidant Personality Disorder

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components: Intense fear of rejection leads to extremely shy behavior

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Dependent Personality Disorder

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components: Constant need of reassurance

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Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder

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components: Perfectionism, inflexibility, over-reliance on rules and regulations

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Alzheimer's disease

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biologic basis: genetics, atrophy of brain tissue, low acetylcholine, Beta amyloid plaques, and neurofibrilary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein

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Parkinson's disease

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biologic basis: slow movements, resting tremor, unexpressive face, "cogwheel" rigidity, shuffling gait. Low dopamine in substantia nigra.